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Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) > (M) Lec 2: Carbohydrates (Part 2) > Flashcards

(M) Lec 2: Carbohydrates (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Presence of Insulin and its Receptors

Once glucose enters the cell, it will undergo what pathway/s to be converted into pyruvate along with lactate and ATP?

A

EMP or glycolysis

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2
Q

Presence of Insulin and its Receptors

Pyruvate will enter what pathway to produce more ATP along with CO2 and H2O indicating that higher ATP is offered to the cells?

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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3
Q

Absence of Insulin and its Receptors

If glucose cannot enter the cells, energy will be sourced from where through the process of gluconeogenesis?

Clue: 2 answers

A

Fats and Proteins

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4
Q

Absence of Insulin and its Receptors

What will also be produced along with glucose once energy is sourced from fats and proteins?

Clue: 2 answers

A

Ketone bodies and Urea

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5
Q

Absence of Insulin and its Receptors

Increased ketones will result to what?

A

Ketoacidosis

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6
Q

Any degree of glucose intolerance with an onset or first recognition during pregnancy caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic, and hormonal changes

A

Gestational DM

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7
Q

The screening test for gestational DM is performed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy through what test?

A

Glucose Tolerance Test

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8
Q

TOF: Pregnant women who are diabetic are counted as cases of Gestational DM

A

False (it is only counted as GDM when the diabetes is brought about by the pregnancy)

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9
Q

How many Gestational DM cases may lead to DM? (in percent)

A

30-40%

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10
Q

Refers to when FBS concentrations are between normal and diabetic values (quantitated at 100-125 mg/dL)

A

Impaired Fasting Glucose

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11
Q

What is the normal glucose level range when anything above 100 mg/dL is considered diabetic?

A

70-100 mg/dL

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12
Q

Refers to when blood glucose concentrations are less than those required for diagnosis of DM (the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test results are between normal and diabetic values)

A

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

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13
Q

Glucose Measurement

What is the best specimen choice for glucose measurement?

A

Serum

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14
Q

Glucose Measurement

Whole blood results are how many percent lower (compared to serum) since cells use glucose as a source of energy?

A

11%

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15
Q

Glucose Measurement

CSF glucose is approximately how many percent of plasma concentrations?

A

60%

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16
Q

Glucose Measurement

The liquid portion of blood must be separated within how many hours and put in a gray tube containing fluoride?

A

1 hour

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17
Q

Glucose Measurement

A gray top tube is aka as what? (it prevents a false-decrease in glucose since cells use it as a source of energy in cases of high WBC count)

A

Antiglycolytic agent

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18
Q

Glucose Measurement

Fasting should be done for how many hours not succeeding how long?

Note: Provide 2 answers in hours

A

Standard: 8-10 hours
Not more than: 16 hours

Also recommended to last for 6-8 hours

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19
Q

Glucose Measurement

Glucose decreases by how many percent per hour at room temperature (20-25ºC) in uncentrifuged blood?

A

5-7%

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20
Q

Glucose Measurement

Glucose is metabolized at refrigerated temperatures (4ºC) at about how many mg/dL per hour?

A

1-2 mg/dL

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21
Q

Glucose Measurement

What cells metabolize glucose in clotted and uncentrifuged blood resulting in false decreased values?

Clue: 2 answers

A

RBCs and WBCs

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22
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

Principle: Cupric ions are converted to cuprous ions in an alkaline solution through the action of glucose

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction

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23
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

In Alkaline Copper Reduction, what is the basis of the color change?

A

Amount of glucose

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24
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

This type of Alkaline Copper Reduction Test is a modification of the Folin-Wu method which uses citrate and tartrate with a stabilizing agent

A

Benedict’s

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25
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

This type of Alkaline Copper Reduction Test uses alkaline copper tartrate

A

Fehling’s

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26
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

This type of Alkaline Copper Reduction Test uses phosphomolybdate

A

Folin-Wu

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27
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

This type of Alkaline Copper Reduction Test uses arsenolmolibdate

A

Nelson-Somogyi

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28
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Methods

Principle: Yellow ferricyanide is converted to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose (e.g. Hagedorn Jensen)

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction

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29
Q

Condensation Methods

Principle: The ability of glucose to form glycosylamine and Schiff bases with aromatic amines

A

Ortho-Toluidine (Dubowski) Method

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30
Q

Condensation Methods

Main reagent: Hot acid or Glacial acid solution

End product: Colored compound

A

Ortho-Toluidine (Dubowski) Method

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31
Q

Condensation Methods

The Ortho-Toluidine (Dubowski) Method is not only positive for glucose but also for what 2 sugars? (these can interfere with results)

A

Galactose and Mannose

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32
Q

Enzymatic Methods

This method measures the beta-D-glucose through the use of mutaratose which converts the alpha-D-glucose to beta-D-glucose (indirect measurement of alpha-D-glucose)

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

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33
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Enzymatic tests act on glucose only and they do not react on other reducing sugars making enzymatic tests what?

A

Specific

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34
Q

Enzymatic Methods

How many enzymes does the Glucose Oxidase Method use and what are those?

A
  1. Glucose Oxidase
  2. Peroxidase
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35
Q

Enzymatic Methods

What are the 2 products of the glucose oxidase method?

A

Gluconic acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

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36
Q

Enzymatic Methods

How are Gluconic acid and Hydrogen Peroxide measured, what are the 2 methods?

A

Using Electrodes and Chromogen

Colorimetric Method - Chromogen
Polarographic Method - Electrode

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37
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Hydrogen peroxide will react with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrine through peroxidase to produce what dye?

A

Quinoneimine Dye (aka Oxidized Chromogen Substance) and water

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38
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Glucose Oxidase Methods can measure glucose levels from what body fluid?

A

CSF

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39
Q

Enzymatic Methods

False increase or decrease for the Glucose Oxidase Method?

Bleach

A

False increase

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40
Q

Enzymatic Methods

False increase or decrease for the Glucose Oxidase Method?

Bilirubin
Uric Acid
Ascorbic Acid (a non-glucose reducing substance)

A

False decrease

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41
Q

Enzymatic Methods

The most specific glucose method because of the reagent (G6PD), an enzyme specific to G6P that is only produced through glucose

A

Hexokinase

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42
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Hexokinase is a reference/standard method because it is able to measure all forms of what?

A

Glucose

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43
Q

Enzymatic Methods

What is the specimen of choice using heparin, EDTA, fluoride, oxalate, and citrate for Hexokinase?

A

Serum or Plasma

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44
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Hexokinase values are falsely decreased in the presence of what 2 substances as they compete with G6P?

A

Hgb and Bilirubin

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45
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Glucose with ATP will be acted upon by hexokinase which will produce what (2)?

A

G6P and ADP

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46
Q

Enzymatic Methods

When G6P is acted upon by G6PD in the hexokinase method, it becomes what?

A

6-phosphogluconate (with the coenzyme NAD, converted to NADH)

Is measured photometrically at 340nm

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47
Q

Enzymatic Methods

This method involves generated NADH which is proportional to the glucose concentration (the enzyme acts on glucose and uses NADH as a coenzyme)

A

Glucose Dehydrogenase Method

Note: Mutaratose can be used to shorten the time to reach equilibrium

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48
Q

Enzymatic Methods

This method is important for establishing correct insulin amounts; a strip contains glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and chromogen (it changes color depending on the amount of glucose)

A

Dextrostics

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49
Q

Enzymatic Methods

This measures B-D glucose which is effective to use in reducing the rate of diabetic complications

A

Dextrostics

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50
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • The specimen can be collected any time of the day
  • Useful for insulin shock, hyperglycemic ketonic coma, and emergency cases
A

Random Blood Sugar (RBS)

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51
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the normal and hyperglycemic range for Random Blood Sugar?

A

Normal: < 140mg/dL
Hyperglycemic: ≥ 200 mg/dL

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52
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

Done after 8-10 hours of fasting to diagnose DM and GDM (measures glucose homeostasis)

A

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

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53
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic range for Fasting Blood Sugar?

A

Hypoglycemic: < 50 mg/dL
Hyperglycemic: ≥ 126 mg/dL

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54
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the normal and hypoglycemic onset range for Fasting Blood Sugar?

A

Normal: 70-100 mg/dL
Onset of Hypoglycemia: 50-55 mg/dL

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55
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • Useful for monitoring glycemic control
  • Blood glucose is determined 2 hours after a meal
  • Not used to diagnose DM but used to determine if a patient with DM has good control of their sugar
A

2-Hour Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS)

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56
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What are the ranges for good and poor glycemic control for the 2-Hour Post Prandial Blood Sugar Test?

A

Good: < 130 mg/dL
Poor: ≥ 140 mg/dL

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57
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • This is a multiple blood sugar test as it involves the collection of blood from a patient multiple times depending in the request of the physician
  • Aids in the diagnosis of DM
  • Determines how well the body metabolizes glucose over a given time required
A

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

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58
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the hypoglycemic value for the Glucose Tolerance Test?

A

≤ 50 mg/dL

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59
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What are the ranges for the following manifestations in the Glucose Tolerance Test?

  1. When the 3P’s appear
  2. Severe polydipsia
  3. Critical value for blood glucose (needs insulin)
A
  1. ≥ 200 mg/dL
  2. ≥ 300 mg/dL
  3. ≥ 400 mg/dL
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60
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

The patient should be (blank) as carbohydrates deplete during bedrest and inactivity

A

Ambulatory

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61
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

The patient should have an unrestricted diet of how many grams of carbs a day for how many days to stabilize the synthesis of glycolytic enzymes?

A

150g for 3 days

62
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

TOF: Stopping exercise is not required prior to this test

A

False

63
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

This is usually an orange substance that contains purely glucose and is taken orally in liquid form (if it comes in powder, it needs to be dissolved)

A

Glucose Load

64
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

How many grams of the glucose load is needed for adults?

A

75 grams

65
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

How many grams of the glucose load is needed for pregnant patients or those suspected to have GDM?

A

100 grams

66
Q

Requirements for Glucose Tolerance Tests

How many grams of the glucose load is needed for children?

A

1.75 grams per kg of body weight

67
Q

Glucose Tolerance Tests

What blood glucose specimen can also be collected during GTT to assess whether glucose is present?

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

68
Q

Glucose Tolerance Tests

After drinking the glucose load, what are the time intervals wherein a blood sample is collected?

A
  1. 30 minutes
  2. 1 hour
  3. 2 hours
  4. 3 hours
69
Q

Glucose Tolerance Tests

Diagnostic values for GTT includes the results of what time intervals?

A
  1. FBS result
  2. 1 hour
  3. 2 hours

Note: Some physicians omit the 3rd hour

70
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

  • This is more comonly done than the other method
  • Includes the Janney-Isaacson Method (Single Dose Method) and Exton Rose Method (Divided Oral Dose/Double Dose Method)
A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

71
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

Methods of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test:

Patients are given 75-100 grams of the glucose load

A

Janney-Isaacson Method (Single Dose Method)

72
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

Methods of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test:

A glucose load is given twice: 50 grams after FBS and another 50 grams after the 30-minute blood is taken

A

Exton Rose Method (Divided Oral Dose/Double Dose Method)

73
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

What added value after an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is indicative of the glucose level?

A

Plasma Glucose

74
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

Give the added amount of Plasma Glucose correspondent to the time frame:

30 minutes

A

30-60 mg/dL above fasting

75
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

Give the added amount of Plasma Glucose correspondent to the time frame:

1 hour

A

20-50 mg/dL above fasting

76
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

Give the added amount of Plasma Glucose correspondent to the time frame:

2 hours

A

5-15 mg/dL above fasting

77
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

Give the added amount of Plasma Glucose correspondent to the time frame:

3 hours

A

Equal to Fasting level or Below

78
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

What are the 2 diagnostic values for DM from the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

A

FBS and the 2-hour specimen

79
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

In the case of OGTT, what hour value should return to normal values (which are the FBS values)?

A

2nd-hour Values

80
Q

Kinds of Glucose Tolerance Tests

  • Mainly for diabetes patients with GIT disorders since oral glucose loads may not be absorbed properly
  • 0.5g of glucose/kg of body weight is given through IV
  • A fasting sample is needed
  • The 1st blood collected is after 5 minutes of IV glucose
A

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

81
Q

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

TOF: Patients are able to tolerate a large carbohydrate load

A

False

82
Q

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

TOF: Altered gastric physiology is a contraindication for Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

A

False (indication)

83
Q

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

TOF: Those who have undergone surgery in the intestines are candidates for this test

A

True

84
Q

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

TOF: Those who have chronic malabsorption syndromes are not recommended to undergo this test

A

False (it is an indication)

85
Q

Criteria of Fasting Plasma Glucose

Give the glucose level for non-diabetic patients (pre-diabetes)

A

< 100 mg/dL

86
Q

Criteria of Fasting Plasma Glucose

Give the glucose level for impaired plasma glucose patients

A

100-125 mg/dL

87
Q

Criteria of Fasting Plasma Glucose

Give the glucose level for diabetes mellitus patients

A

≥ 126 mg/dL

88
Q

Criteria of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Give the glucose level for normal or non-diabetic patients

A

2-hr plasma glucose of < 140 mg/dL

89
Q

Criteria of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Give the glucose level for impaired glucose tolerance test patients

A

2-hr plasma glucose of 140-199 mg/dL

90
Q

Criteria of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Give the glucose level for DM patients

A

2-hr plasma glucose of ≥ 200 mg/dL

91
Q

What is the conversion factor for glucose in order to convert it into mmol/L?

A

0.056

92
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for DM

Give the glucose level of DM patients from a Random Blood Sugar specimen

A

≥ 200 mg/dL

93
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for DM

Give the glucose level of DM patients from a Fasting Blood Sugar specimen

A

≥ 126 mg/dL

94
Q

Diagnostic Criteria for DM

Give the glucose level of DM patients from a 2-Hour Post Prandial specimen

A

≥ 200 mg/dL

95
Q

Screening for Gestational DM

  • This is done between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy
  • It screens women to check if they have GDM especially when they:
  1. Had GDM during previous pregnancies
  2. Gave birth to a baby weighing over 9 pounds
  3. Are over 25 years old
  4. Are overweight prior to getting pregnant
A

Glucose Challenge Test (GCT)

96
Q

Screening for Gestational DM

This approach to a Glucose Challenge Test (GCT):
- performs a 2-hr OGTT using 75g of glucose load
- is done in the morning after 8 hrs. of overnight fasting
- does not require any patient preparation for GDM OGTT since they are already pregnant

A

One-Step Approach

97
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (One-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For FBS

A

≥ 92 mg/dL

98
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (One-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For 1-Hr. Plasma Glucose

A

≥ 180 mg/dL

99
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (One-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For 2-Hr. Plasma Glucose

A

≥ 153 mg/dL

100
Q

Screening for Gestational DM

This approach to a Glucose Challenge Test (GCT):
- Measures plasma glucose 1 hour after a 50g oral glucose load
- If (+), proceed to OGTT with 100g of glucose load
- A (+) value is indicated by a plasma glucose of ≥ 140 mg/dL

A

Two-Step Approach

101
Q

Screening for Gestational DM

In the Two-Step Approach, the patient is considered to be (+) for GDM if the glucose levels are abnormal in how many parameters out of 4?

A

2/4

102
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (Two-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For FBS

A

≥ 95 mg/dL

103
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (Two-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For 1-hr. Plasma Glucose

A

≥ 180 mg/dL

104
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (Two-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For 2-hr. Plasma Glucose

A

≥ 155 mg/dL

105
Q

Screening for Gestational DM (Two-Step Approach)

Criteria for GDM (give the glucose level):
For 3-hr. Plasma Glucose

A

≥ 140 mg/dL

106
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

This method is:
- used for self monitoring but not for diagnosing
- not accurate but precise
- performed 3-4x a day in cases of Type 1 DM

A

Capillary Blood Glucose (CBG)

107
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

This is defined as the glucose molecule that is attached to one or both end terminal valines of the beta-polypeptide chain of Hgb

A

Glycosylated Hgb (HbA1c)

108
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

This substance:
- has a directly proportional relationship to plasma glucose levels
- monitors long-term glucose control
- reflects average blood glucose levels for the previous 2-3 months
- the specimen of choice is whole blood anticoagulated with EDTA

A

Glycosylated Hgb (HbA1c)

109
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

For every 1% change in HbA1c there’s a how many mg/dL change in plasma glucose?

A

35 mg/dL

110
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What 2 factors can affect HbA1c levels?

A
  1. Average glucose levels
  2. RBC life span (60-90 days)
111
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (HbA1c)

Give the reference range for the following parameters:
Normal glycosylation

A

4-6% HbA1c

112
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (HbA1c)

Give the reference range for the following parameters:
Prolonged hyperglycemia

A

18-20% HbA1c

113
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (HbA1c)

Give the reference range for the following parameters:
Diabetic patient with poor control of hyperglycemia

A

7% HbA1c

114
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (HbA1c)

What is the cut off value for HbA1c set by the ADA?

A

7%

115
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c

The 2 methods, Immunoassays and Affinity Chromatography, are based on what?

A

Structural Characteristics

116
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c

The 4 methods, Ion-Exchange Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Isoelectric Focusing, and HPLC, are based on what?

A

Charge Differences

117
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c

Falsely increased or decreased HbA1c?

(+) for Hgb F

A

Increased

118
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c

Falsely increased or decreased HbA1c?

(+) for Hgb S and Hgb C

A

Falsely decreased

119
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c (identify the method)

  • Is based on structural differences
  • Uses polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies
A

Immunoassays

120
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c (identify the method)

  • Is based on structural differences
  • Uses borate to bind with glycosylated proteins
  • Is not temperature-dependent
  • Is not affected by other Hgbs
A

Affinity Chromatography

121
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c (identify the method)

  • Is based on charge differences
  • Uses a positive-charge resin bed
  • Is temperature-dependent
  • Is affected by other hemoglobinopathies
A

Ion-exchange chromatography

122
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c (identify the method)

  • is based on charge differences
  • a hemoglobin F level of > 7% interferes with the results
A

Electrophoresis

123
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c (identify the method)

  • is based on charge differences
  • uses a midpoint for separation
  • pre-HbA1c interferes with results
A

Isoelectric Focusing

124
Q

Methods of Measuring HbA1c (identify the method)

  • is based on charge differences
  • forms on ion exchange
  • separates all forms of glycosylated Hgb
A

HPLC

125
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • aka glycosylated or glycated albumin or plasma protein ketoamine
  • is dependent on the lifespan on albumin (19 days)
  • reflects short term glucose control usually 2-3 weeks
  • uses non-fasting serum as the specimen
A

Fructosamine

126
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

Fructosamine is useful for monitoring diabetic individuals with chronic hemolytic anemias and hemoglobin variants, 2 Hgb variants have shorter lifespans than RBC, what are those 2?

A

Hgb S and Hgb C

127
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the reference range for fructosamine?

A

205-285 umol/L

128
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

Fructosamine cannot be measured if the plasma albumin level of an individual is less than how many g/dL because low fructosamine levels lead to inaccurate results?

A

30 g/dL

129
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • this test is an indicator for pancreatic and insulin secretions (function of a B cell)
  • it differentiates type 1 and 2 DM
  • used to monitor responses to pancreatic surgery
  • evaluates hypoglycemia and B cell function
A

C-Peptide Test

130
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the normal ratio of C-Peptides to Insulin?

A

5:1 to 15:1

131
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

A condition wherein there is a tumor that increases the release of insulin

A

Insulinoma

132
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

The C-peptide is decreased in what type of DM?

A

Type 1

133
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

This is the starting substance of insulin which contains alpha and beta chains + the c-peptide

A

Preproinsulin

134
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

Preproinsulin will become what substance where the winding of different components occurs?

A

Proinsulin

135
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

C-peptide will separate as a byproduct and insulin will be made up of only what? (2 answers)

A

Alpha and Beta Chains

Note: Without insulin, there is no C-Peptide

136
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • this is produced in the liver through metabolism of fatty acids
  • an increase in the serum levels of this substance can be seen when there is a defect in CHO metabolism
  • this increases in cases of type 1 diabetes, high fat diets, and starvation
  • the preferred specimen is either urine or serum
A

Ketones

137
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the ratio on B-hydroxybutyrate to Acetoacetic Acid?

A

1:1

138
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (methods of measuring ketones)

It uses ferric chloride as the main reagent and reacts mainly with acetoacetate and results to a red color

A

Gerhardt’s Ferric Chloride Test

139
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (methods of measuring ketones)

Is 10x more sensitive to acetoacetate than it is to acetone; adding glycerin makes it able to detect acetone

A

Nitroprusside Test

140
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (methods of measuring ketones)

Uses sodium nitroprusside to detect both acetoacetic acid and acteone resulting to a purple color

A

Acetest Tablets

141
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (methods of measuring ketones)

This reagent strip detects acetoacetate more than acetone

A

Ketostix

142
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia (methods of measuring ketones)

This reagent strip detects b-hydroxybutyrate although it is not widely used

A

KetoSite Assay

143
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

  • a condition that serves as the first sign of diabetic renal nephropathy as related to type 1DM
  • measured through a Micral Test or Dipstick Test
A

Albuminuria

144
Q

Tests for Hyperglycemia

What is the result of the albumin creatinine ratio?

I’m not sure what this means basta nasa last page siya ng transes

A

30-299 mg/g of creatinine

145
Q

Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • presence of galactose in the blood
  • caused by a deficiency in one of the three main enzymes involved in galactose metabolism (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, galactokinase, and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase)
  • other features include galactosuria, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypoglycemia
A

Galactosemia

146
Q

Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • is indicated by a problem with the metabolism of glycogen (lacks the enzyme for it)
  • most are inherited as autosomal recessive traits
A

Glycogen Storage Disease

147
Q

Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • the most common Glycogen Storage Disease
  • characterized by hyperlipidemia (increased blood lipids) and severe hypoglycemia
  • there is an increase in ketones, lactate, alanine, and uric acid
  • built up glycogen leads to hepatomegaly
A

Von Gierke Disease (VGD)

148
Q

Types of Glycogen Storage Diseases

The IV GTT Method may be used to measure glucose for hypo or hyperglycemia

A

Types 1A and 1B

149
Q

Types of Glycogen Storage Diseases

There is no hypoglycemia but there is a positive result for hepatomegaly

A

Types 3A, 3B, and 4

150
Q

Types of Glycogen Storage Diseases

Characterized by liver damage (hepatomegaly)

A

Types 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 11

151
Q

Types of Glycogen Storage Diseases

Characterized by having muscular defects (muscle weakness)

A

Types 5 and 7

Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) (33 decks)

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