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Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) > (F) L5: GITP Function: Stomach > Flashcards

(F) L5: GITP Function: Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Major Zones

  • Important for mucus secretion
  • The mucus protects the lining of the stomach
A

Cardiac

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2
Q

Major Zones

Consists of the 2 significant cells: Parietal and Chief Cells

A

Body

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3
Q

Major Zones

  • The location or secretion site of HCl, enzymes, mucus, and intrinsic factors due to the presence of the different cells
A

Body

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4
Q

Major Zones (Body)

These cells secrete mucus

A

Surface Epithelial Cells

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5
Q

Major Zones (Body)

These secrete HCl and intrinsic factors

A

Parietal Cells

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6
Q

Major Zones (Body)

This gives the stomach its acidic pH, which is important for digestion

A

HCl

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7
Q

Major Zones (Body)

This binds with vitamin B12 in order to be protected from the stomach’s acidity

A

Intrinsic Factors

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8
Q

Major Zones (Body)

These are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of serotonin

A

Enterochromaffin Cells

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9
Q

Major Zones (Body)

These produce pepsinogen (type 1 or 2)

A

Chief Cells

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10
Q

Major Zones (Body)

This, when combined with HCl will be deactivated and converted to pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

Note: Pepsin is the activated form of pepsinogen

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11
Q

Major Zones

This houses the antrum, pyloric canal, and sphincter

A

Pyloric

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12
Q

Major Zones (Pyloric)

This portion is made up of G cells which secretes gastrin

A

Antrum

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13
Q

Major Zones (Pyloric)

This is the primary GI hormone that stimulates the parietal cells to secrete gastric acid or HCl

A

Gastrin

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14
Q

Major Zones (Pyloric)

These portions (2) are important to prevent the direct passing through of the stomach contents into the intestines

A
  1. Pyloric canal
  2. Sphincter
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15
Q

What is the end product of digestion in the stomach?

A

Chyme/Gastric Secretion

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16
Q

Stimuli for Gastric Secretion

Gastric secretions occur in response to various stimuli, when gastric fluid decreases in pH, it is usually less than what?

A

3.5

Note: That pH is deadly for most microbes

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17
Q

Stimuli for Gastric Secretion

This acid protects the stomach from foreign microorganisms

A

Gastric Acid

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18
Q

Stimuli for Gastric Secretion

Consists of the vagal nerves (for smelling) which stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric fluid

A

Neurologic Stimuli

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19
Q

Stimuli for Gastric Secretion

This is due to the expansion of the mucosal lining

A

Stomach Distention

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20
Q

Stimuli for Gastric Secretion

The stomach secretes these breakdown products of proteins (usually amino acids, proteins, and polypeptides) which usually means that something needs to be digested

A

Secretagogues

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21
Q

Stimuli for Gastric Secretion

The most potent stimulus for gastric fluid secretion

A

Gastrin

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22
Q

Regulators of Gastric Secretions

These (2) are produced by the pancreas, not the stomach

A
  1. Secretin
  2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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23
Q

Regulators of Gastric Secretions

These (2) inhibit gastric secretion

A
  1. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
  2. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
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24
Q

Regulators of Gastric Secretions

Produced by the pancreas:
A. Is secreted by K cells
B. Is secreted by H cells
C. Both
D. Neither

A

C. Both

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25
Q

Regulators of Gastric Secretions

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
A. Produced by the stomach
B. Produced by K cells
C. Both
D. Neither

A

B. Produced by K cells

Note: It is NOT produced in the stomach, only present

26
Q

Regulators of Gastric Secretions

Vasoactive Inhibitory Polypeptide (VIP)
A. Produced by the pancreas
B. Produced by H cells
C. Both
D. Neither

A

D. Neither

Note: VIP is Vasoactive INTESTINAL Polypeptide, inhibitory is GIP

27
Q

Regulators of Gastric Secretions

GIP and VIP
A. Produced by the pancreas
B. Inhibits gastric secretion
C. Both
D. Neither

28
Q

Gastric Diseases

  • A HYPERsecretory and HYPERacidic stomach is present
  • Related with pancreatic cell carcinoma/gastrinoma (tumors that produce gastrin)
  • An increased gastrin leads to further stimulation of HCl secretion
  • Presents with abdominal pain, dyspepsia, weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and GI bleeding
A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

29
Q

Gastric Diseases

TOF: A hyposecretion of gastric fluid leads to a hyperacidity of the stomach

A

False (HYPERSECRETION)

30
Q

Gastric Diseases

An increase in gastrin stimulates the stomach to secrete more of what?

31
Q

Gastric Diseases

  • No production of HCl and IF due to autoantibodies against the parietal cells
  • May also be related to megaloblastic anemia due to the lack of B12
A

Achlorhydia

32
Q

Gastric Diseases

TOF: Achlorhydia is the opposite of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

33
Q

Gastric Diseases

Overproduction
A. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
B. Achlorydia
C. Both
D. Neither

A

A. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

34
Q

Gastric Diseases

Autoantibodies against the parietal cells leads to the defective production of what? (2)

35
Q

Gastric Diseases

  • Is related to megaloblastic anemia
  • There is gastric atrophy (absence of HCl) resulting to a stomach pH of only 6
  • Prone to intestinal infections
A

Pernicious Anemia

36
Q

Gastric Diseases

  • No production of IF and no reabsorption of Vitamin B12
  • RBC production is decreased
A

Megaloblastic Anemia

37
Q

Gastric Diseases

No production of HCl and IF
A. Pernicious Anemia
B. Megaloblastic Anemia
C. Achlorhydia
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Note: C lacks both, A lacks HCl, and B lacks IF

38
Q

Gastric Diseases

Is associated with damage to the stomach lining

A

Peptic Ulcer

39
Q

Gastric Diseases

Is caused by H. pylori that can resist acidic pHs due to its mucus

A

Helicobacter pylori infection

40
Q

Gastric Diseases

H. pylori is able to resist what pH by producing what?

A

Acidic pH is resisted by the mucus

41
Q

Gastric Function Tests

This is done during the fasting state

A

Basal Acid Output (BAO)

42
Q

Gastric Function Tests

This is done by taking the BAO after stimulation with gastrin-like substances like pentagastrin or histamine

A

Maximal Acid Output (MAO)

43
Q

Gastric Function Tests

The measurement of HCl after fasting to measure the basal state

A

Basal Gastric Secretion Determination (same as BAO)

44
Q

Gastric Function Tests

A state in which a patient has not eaten, or ingested anything

A

Basal State

45
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

It is required that the patient is at a fasting state for how many minutes (+ a good night’s sleep) before collection?

A

60 minutes

46
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

After the insertion of a nasogastric tube (NGT) for how many minutes, the patient is positioned with the trunk upright and slightly inclined to the left?

A

10-15 minutes

47
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

This position is done order to ensure that the fluid collected really comes from the stomach

A

Doggy style eme lang, INCLINED TO THE LEFT dapat

If you see this, send a pic of a goat sa bamboorat gc with no context

48
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

After the patient has been in the left sided position for 60 minutes, what is collected/aspirated?

A

Gastric Juice

49
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

Concentration of free HCl is determined by what method?

50
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

TOF: If gastric pH is less than 3.5, titration is not needed

A

False (titration is not needed if GREATER than 3.5)

51
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

Male or Female Normal Values?
1. 0.2 to 3.8 mEq/hr.
2. 1 to 15 mEq/hr

A
  1. Female
  2. Male
52
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

TOF: In the stimulation test, a patient is stimulated by giving food, or test meals after testing

A

False (BEFORE)

53
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

In the stimulation test of parietal cells to produce HCl, what substance replaces histamine due to its production of adverse effects?

A

Pentagastrin

Note: BOTH can still be used, pentagastrin is just more preferred

54
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

This is performed when there are abnormalities in the maximal acid output (MAO)

A

Gastric Acid Stimulation Test

55
Q

Basal Gastric Output Determination

Male or Female Values of Gastric Acid Stimulation Test?
1. 18 to 28 mEq/hr.
2. 11 to 21 mEq/hr

A
  1. Male
  2. Female
56
Q

Gastric Function Tests

  • An indirect measurement
  • The analyte amounting to 1000 to 4000 pg/mL serves as an indicator for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
  • Elevated levels are seen in pancreatic alpha cell tumors
  • Normal values lie within 50 to 150 pg/mL
A

Plasma Gastrin

57
Q

Gastric Function Tests

Plasma gastrin levels of what range indicate Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?

A

1000 to 4000 pg/mL

58
Q

Gastric Function Tests

Elevated plasma gastrin levels are seen in what kind of tumor?

A

Pancreatic Alpha Cell Tumor

59
Q

Gastric Function Tests

What is the normal reference value range of plasma gastrin?

A

50 to 150 pg/mL

60
Q

What gastric disease are these symptoms referring to?

  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Dyspepsia
  3. Weight Loss
  4. Chronic Diarrhea
  5. GI Bleeding
A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) (33 decks)

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