Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) > (F) L3: Liver Function Tests (Introduction) > Flashcards

(F) L3: Liver Function Tests (Introduction) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which liver lobe is larger than the other?

A

Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q
  • A large organ that weighs 1.2 to 1.5 kg in a healthy adult
  • The chief metabolic organ that metabolizes nutrients and detoxifies blood
  • Located at the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, beneath and attached to the diaphragm
  • Has a right and left lobe divided by the falciform ligament
A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • This is located near the liver where it is connected via the common bile duct
  • Waste products from the liver, bile salts, bile acids, and bilirubin go into this organ
  • This is responsible for the storage of bile
A

Gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The liver’s blood supply comes from what 2 blood vessels?

Also give the percentages of how much blood they supply

A
  1. Hepatic artery (25%; oxygenated)
  2. Portal vein (75%; rich in nutrients)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The liver receives how many mL of blood per minute?

A

15mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Once the hepatic artery and portal veins reach the hepatic sinusoids, where does the blood go in order to return to the general circulation?

A

Central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Toxins that were removed from the blood will be excreted via what passage to the gallbladder?

(2 answers)

A

Bile canal and bile duct

Note: The waste products will go into the feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This liver cell type is responsible for the metabolism and synthesis of proteins

A

Hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This liver cell type is a macrophage which are important for phagocytosis (for immunity)

A

Kupffer Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functions of the Liver

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver in the form of glycogen and vitamins

A

Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of the Liver

  • Refers to the processing of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • Important for the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of the Liver

Most plasma proteins and clotting factors are produced by the liver hence why the proteins will decrease in number whenever there is liver damage

A

Synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of the Liver

  • Transamination leads to the production of ketoacids (Kreb’s cycle) and ammonia (Urea cycle)
  • Important for the removal of toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs, and ammonia to urea
A

Detoxification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of the Liver

  • Has something to do with the biliary system (bilirubin and bile)
  • Bilirubin (B1: originally unconjugated) will be coupled to a protein to make it conjugated (B2)
A

Conjugation/ Excretory and Secretory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Excretory and Secretory Function

  • aka GALL, a dark green or yellowish brown fluid
  • Produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released in the duodenum
  • Helps in lipid digestion, emulsification of dietary lipids, and hydrolysis of TAGs
  • Is composed of water, fatty acids, cholesterol, bile acids/salts, and bilirubin
A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Excretory and Secretory Function

Bile acid vs. Bile salt:
1. The unconjugated form
2. The conjugated form

A
  1. Unconjugated - Bile acid
  2. Conjugated - Bile salt

Note: Salts are also acids but only conjugated with amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Excretory and Secretory Function

These are waste products of cholesterol metabolism which are the primary components of bile that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids

A

Bile acids/Bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Classification of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

Primary or Secondary?
1. Cholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid
2. Deoxycholic acid, Lithocholic acid, and Ursodeoxycholic acid

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Classification of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

Primary or Secondary?
Not yet exposed to the normal flora of the intestines which utilize these bile acids/salts

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Classification of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

Primary or Secondary?
Already exposed to the normal flora of the intestines

A

Secondary

20
Q

Classification of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

The primary and secondary classification in the lab is used to differentiate between what 2 conditions?

A

Biliary Obstruction and Liver Cirrhosis

21
Q

Classification of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

What condition?
Increased ratio of primary and secondary bile salts/acids

A

Biliary Obstruction

22
Q

Classification of Bile Acids and Bile Salts

What condition?
Decreased ratio of primary and secondary bile salts/acids

A

Liver Cirrhosis

23
Q

Excretory and Secretory Function

  • A pigment that imparts a yellow color to the bile (different from biliverdin which is green)
  • Approximately 200-300mg of this is produced per day
  • A metabolic waste product of heme breakdown (80% from RBCs)
  • Can be used to assess the conjugation and excretion function of the liver
A

Bilirubin

24
Q

Excretory and Secretory Function

What type of bilirubin is found in the bile?

A

Conjugated (B2)

25
Q

Excretory and Secretory Function

Bilirubin must be excreted from the body in what form?

A

Urobilinogen (therefore if bilirubin is elevated, there must be a problem with the liver)

26
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 1: Heme is converted into what using the heme oxygenase enzyme?

A

Biliverdin

27
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 2: Biliverdin is converted into what with the help of biliverdin reductase?

A

Unconjugated Bilirubin (B1)

28
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

  • This is water insoluble
  • Is aka “pre-hepatic, indirectly measured, and slow reacting” bilirubin
A

Unconjugated Bilirubin (B1)

29
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 3: Unconjugated Bilirubin (B1) needs a transport protein to reach the liver (since it is water insoluble) which is what?

A

Albumin

30
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 4: Once B1 enters the hepatocytes, it will bind to what proteins before going to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

(3 answers)

A
  1. Y proteins
  2. Z proteins
  3. Ligandin
31
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

In what hepatocyte organelle does bilirubin conjugation occur in?

A

Smooth ER

32
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 5: This enzyme helps in the conjugation of B1 into B2, what is it?

A

Uridylphosphate Glucuronyl Transferase (UDPGT)

Note: It adds 2 glucuronic acids to B1

33
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

  • This is water soluble
  • Is aka “directly measured and prompt reacting” bilirubin
A

Conjugated Bilirubin (B2)

34
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

What is the other name for B2 with respect to the addition of 2 glucuronic acids?

A

Diconjugated/Diglucuronide Bilirubin

35
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

If there is biliary obstruction, what can we expect with the levels of B1 and B2?

A

B1 is normal while B2 is elevated

36
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 6: Once bile is released to this organ, it will aid in the digestion and emulsification of fats

A

Intestines

37
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 7: Once B2 encounters the normal flora found in the GIT, it will be converted to what?

A

Urobilinogen

38
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 8: Approximately 80% of urobilinogen is excreted where in the form of urobilin/stercobilin?

A

Feces

39
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

TOF: Urobilinogen is originally colorless but will produce color once reduced (yellow for urobilin and brown for stercobilin)

A

False (oxidized, not reduced)

40
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

This manifestation of biliary obstruction refers to when one’s stool is colorless due to decreased urobilinogen

A

Steatorrhea

41
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 8: The remaining 20% of urobilinogen is recirculated into what cycle?

A

Extrahepatic/Enterohepatic Cycle

42
Q

Bilirubin Synthesis Pathway

Step 9: A small portion of the 20% recycled bilirubin will enter the systemic circulation which will be excreted at a rate of 1-4mg a day in what specimen?

A

Urine

43
Q

HPLC Bilirubin Fractions

The unconjugated bilirubin (B1)

A

Alpha-bilirubin

44
Q

HPLC Bilirubin Fractions

The monoglucuronide/monoconjugated bilirubin

A

Beta-bilirubin

45
Q

HPLC Bilirubin Fractions

The diglucuronide/diconjugated bilirubin (B2)

A

Gamma-bilirubin

46
Q

HPLC Bilirubin Fractions

  • A conjugated form that is irreversibly bound to albumin (biliprotein)
  • Formed when there is prolonged elevation of conjugated bilirubin in biliary obstruction
A

Delta-bilirubin

47
Q

HPLC Bilirubin Fractions

This formula gives what product?
Total Bilirubin - (Direct Bilirubin [B2] + Indirect Bilirubin [B1])

A

Delta-bilirubin

Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions