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Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) > (P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 1) > Flashcards

(P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

The Greek work “kline” means what?

A

Bed

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2
Q

This is the science that deals with the elements, their compounds, and the chemical structure and interaction of matter

A

Chemistry

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3
Q

This is a science that deals with the analysis of the chemical constituents of the blood (electrolytes, glucose, protein, lipids, enzymes, etc.) as well as other body fluids to facilitate diagnosis of diseases related to their increase or decrease

A

Clinical Chemistry

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4
Q

TOF: CC has expanded to include studies that monitor the effects of treatment and measuring drug levels

A

True

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5
Q

Who was the father of Clinical Chemsitry?

A

Johann Heller (hallaur?)

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6
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

Who was the main pointperson back in 300 BC?

A

Hippocrates

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7
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1600, this test was discovered for the determination of protein contents in urine

A

Acid Precipitation

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8
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1700, the study of this common disease was done using yeast

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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9
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1850s-1890s, the use of what kind of medicine was developed?

A

Laboratory Medicine

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10
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1918-1920, tests were developed for 5 analytes, what are those?

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Uric Acid
  3. Ammonia
  4. Non-protein nitrogens (NPN)
  5. Proteins (CHON)
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11
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1930, tests for what were developed?

A

Enzymatic tests (e.g. lipase and acid phosphatase)

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12
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1940, this technique was developed to measure the quantitative analytes in a sample, what is this technique?

A

Photoelectric Colorimetry

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13
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1950, this chart was developed to determine the acceptability of a test (for quality control)

A

L-J and Shewart Chart (Levi-Jennings and Shewart)

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14
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1960, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for what 2 analytes?

A

Calcium and Magnesium

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15
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1952, what organization was formed?

A

International Association of Clinical Biochemists (IACB)

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16
Q

History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1953, the International Association of Clinical Biochemists (IACB) changed its name to what?

A

International Federation of Clinical Chemsitry (IFCC)

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17
Q

Units of Measure

Do we deal with quantitative or qualitative results? Or both?

A

Quantitative

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18
Q

Units of Measurement

In reporting quantitative laboratory results, the first value represents what?

A

The actual test value

e.g. in 10mL, 10 is the first value

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19
Q

Units of Measurement

In reporting quantitative laboratory results, the second value represents what?

A

The label (represents the unit)

e.g. in 10mL, mL is the second value

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20
Q

Units of Measurement

This is preferred in scientific literatures and clinical labs and is the ONLY system used in many countries (as it standardizes results)

A

Systeme International d’ Unites (SI)

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21
Q

Units of Measurement

Determine if the ff. are SI units, selected derived units, or selected accepted but non-SI units:

Length, Mass, Time, Current, Temperature, Amount of Substance, Luminous Intensity

A

SI units

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22
Q

Units of Measurement

Determine if the ff. are SI units, selected derived units, or selected accepted non-SI units:

Frequency, Force, Celsius Temperature, and Catalytic Activity

A

Selected Derived Units

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23
Q

Units of Measurement

Determine if the ff. are SI units, selected derived units, or selected accepted non-SI units:

Minutes, Hours, Day, Liter, and Angstrom

A

Selected Accepted Non-SI

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24
Q

Units of Measurement

To convert between units, what do you need to look at in order to determine how many times you’ll need to move the decimal?

A

The exponent correspondent to the prefix

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25
Q

Units of Measurement

When moving from a larger unit to a smaller one, in which direction will the decimal move to?

A

Right

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26
Q

Units of Measurement

When moving from a smaller unit to a larger one, in which direction will the decimal move to?

A

Left

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27
Q

Units of Measurement

Convert 1L to uL

A

1,000,000 uL (move decimal 6 places to the right)

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28
Q

Units of Measurement

Convert 5mL to uL

A

5000 uL (move decimal 3 places to the right)

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29
Q

Units of Measurement

Convert 5.3mL to dL

A

0.053 dL (move decimal 2 places to the left)

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30
Q

Units of Measurement

Reporting of lab results is often expressed in terms of what rather than in SI units?

A

Substance Concentration (moles) or Mass (mg/dL, g/dL, etc.)

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31
Q

Units of Measurement

What factor converts conventional units to SI units and vice versa?

A

Conversion Factor (multiply or divide)

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32
Q

This is a substance that is used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a reaction with it

A

Reagent

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33
Q

This is any substance employed to produce a chemical reaction by adding a specimen to it

A

Reagent

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34
Q

Reagents

This is a substance that can occur naturally or man-made through a chemical process

A

Chemicals

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35
Q

Reagents

TOF: Despite the technological advancements, there is still a high demand for reagent preparation

A

False (manufacturers of lab instruments already prepare reagents in a ready-to-use/kit form to reduce the risk of reagent preparation hazards)

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36
Q

Reagents

Wet chemistry uses what kind of reagents?

A

Liquid

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37
Q

Reagents

Dry chemistry uses what kind of reagents?

A

Chips or cartridges

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38
Q

Reagents

The 6 general chemicals differ in their varying grades of what?

A

Purity

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39
Q

General Chemicals

This is aka reagent grade; it meets the purity requirements of most procedures in the lab hence why it is suitable (used for trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solutions)

A

Analytical Reagent Grade

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40
Q

General Chemicals

Analytical Reagent Grades (ARGs) are certified by what origanization?

A

American Chemical Society (they establish specifications for ARG chemicals)

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41
Q

General Chemicals

Labels on Analytical Reagent Grade chemicals will state the maximum allowable percentage of what?

A

Impurities

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42
Q

General Chemicals

These have undergone additional purification steps hence it is used for special needs and procedures (e.g. HPLC, chromatography, immunoassays, atomic absorptions, standardizations, etc.)

A

Ultrapure chemicals

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43
Q

General Chemicals

These are used to manufacture drugs as they are for human consumption

A

United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary

44
Q

General Chemicals

TOF: Ultrapure chemicals have higher purities than analytical reagent grade chemicals

A

True

45
Q

General Chemicals

TOF: United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary chemicals are harmful to humans

A

False (they are used for human consumption)

46
Q

General Chemicals

TOF: The United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary chemicals are pure enough for most chemical procedures

A

True

47
Q

General Chemicals

TOF: The United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary chemicals are based on reagent needs of a laboratory (they are tailor-made for each lab)

A

False (may or may not meet your lab’s requirements)

48
Q

General Chemicals

The preparation of these chemicals are not uniform because the purities are specified by the manufacturers

A

Chemically Pure Chemicals

49
Q

General Chemicals

What 2 types of analysis are used to determine the purity range of chemicals?

A

Melting Point and Boiling Point Analysis

50
Q

General Chemicals

TOF: Chemically pure chemicals are recommended for reagent preparation

A

False (you need to purify further)

51
Q

General Chemicals

The disadvantage of chemically pure chemicals is that it fails to reveal what?

A

Tolerance limit (to impurities); hence it cannot be used for research and anachem purposes

52
Q

General Chemicals

These are used primarily in manufacturing and should never be used in the clinical lab (the least desirable)

A

Technical/Commercial Grade Reagents

53
Q

General Chemicals

What chemical has the lowest purity among the classes of reagents?

A

Technical/Commercial Grade Reagents

54
Q

General Chemicals

These organic solvents are:
1. Able to obtain a 99% purity reading
2. Spectrally pure

Note: There are 2 answers for each number but are combined into one classification

A

Chromatographic (1) and Spectroscopic (2) Grades

55
Q

These are materials with compositions established for use in calibration, assignment of values, or method selection and verification

A

Reference Materials

56
Q

These are aka “standards” and may be classified as primary, secondary, or ceritifed

A

Reference Materials

57
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

These are chemicals with the highest purity and can be directly measured to produce a substance of exact known concentration

A

Primary Standard

58
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) requires:

  1. The primary standard to have what purity percentage?
  2. The working standard to have what purity percentage?
A

99.98% (1) and 99.95% (2)

59
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

The National Institute of Science and Technology’s (NIST) purified materials are also known as?

A

Standard Reference Materials (SRM); used as primary standards in the lab; an alternative

60
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

TOF: The primary standards are easy to prepare

A

False (one of the disadvantages aside from being expensive)

61
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

Because most biological constituents are unavaible within the tolerance limitation, what does this mean for knowing the exact composition/concentration of body fluids?

A

It is impossible to know the exact composition of biological constituents (e.g. serum, plasma, etc.)

62
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

What is the error range for the Standard Reference Materials (SRM)?

A

(+ or -) 0.002

63
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

These are substances of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to another standard using repeated analysis

A

Secondary Standard

64
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

Between primary and secondary standards, which is easy to prepare?

A

Secondary

65
Q

Standard Solutions (Reference Materials)

These are certified by a technically valid procedure and was developed for use in clinical labs

A

Certified/Standard Reference Materials (CRM/SRM)

66
Q

This is the most frequently used reagent in the lab especially when you are reconstituting or dissolving substances

A

Purified Water

67
Q

Water should be what kind of grade?

A

Reagent-grade

68
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

This is used for test methods requiring minimum interference such as trace metal, iron, and enzyme analyses

A

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

69
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW) is stored for only how long?

A

A short-period of time (use upon starting the procedure)

70
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

This is used for procedures that require maximum water purity, for preparation of standard solutions, ultramicro chemical analyses, and the measurement of nanogram or subnanogram-concentrations and tissue or cell culture

A

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

71
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

This is the cleanest type of water

A

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

72
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

This is mostly used in lab determination in chemistry, hematology, microbiolgy, immunology, and other chemical lab areas

A

Type 2 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

73
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

These are acceptable for most analytic requirements including reagent, quality control, and standard preparation

A

Type 2 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

74
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

Is used most in qualitative measurements/examples like in procedures for urinalysis, parasitology and histology, washing glasswares, and procedures not requiring the other 2 types

A

Type 3 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

75
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

TOF: Type 3 Reagent Grade Water (RGW) is suitable for analysis and reagent preparation; aka autoclave wash waters

A

False

76
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

This is obtained by boiling type 2 water as this is also used when CO2, ammonia, and oxygen may affect analysis

A

Type 3 Reagent Grade Water (Carbon Dioxide-free Water)

77
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

The pH is not specified

A

Types 1 and 2

78
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

The pH is 5-8

A

Type 3

79
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

A bacterial colony count of less than 10 CFU/mL

A

Type 1

80
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

A bacterial colony count of less than 1000 CFU/mL

A

Type 2

81
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

A bacterial colony count that is not specified

A

Type 3

82
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

Has a silicate contamination of less than 0.05 mg/L

A

Type 1

83
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

Has a silicate contamination of less than 0.1 mg/L

A

Type 2

84
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

Has a silicate contamination of less than 1.0 mg/L

A

Type 3

85
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

Has a resistivity of atleast 10 megaOhms/cm

A

Type 1

86
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

Has a resistivity of atleast 1.0 megaOhms/cm

A

Type 2

87
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3)

Has a resistivity of atleast 0.1 megaOhms/cm

A

Type 3

88
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

TOF: The less coliforms (CFUs), the purer the water

A

True

89
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

This is the second most abundant element on Earth after oxygen

A

Silicon/Silica (a hard glass-like mineral found dissolved in water)

90
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

Silicate salts are commonly present in water which causes what effect?

A

Increased turbidity

91
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

TOF: The less silicate, the more water is resistant (less conductive but higher purity)

A

True (and vice versa)

The more silicate, the less pure the water is

92
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

Electric current is directly related to the amount of dissolved what in water?

A

Salts (less salts, purer substance)

93
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

Water samples with a lot of salt in it have higher or lower resistivity to electrical currents?

A

Lower resistivity (+ and higher conductivity)

94
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

What is the relationship between a sample’s salt content and conductivity?

A

Linear/Direct (acc. to ma’am)

> More salt = less purity
Less purity = higher conductivity
More salt = higher conductivity

Just know that salt increases water’s conductivity (imagine you’d be electrocuted more harshly in the ocean than with pure water)

95
Q

Types of Reagent Grade Water

What is the relationship between a sample’s purity and bacteria and silicate concentration?

A

Indirectly proportional

(less bacteria and silicon = more pure)

96
Q

Methods of Water Purification

TOF: Most procedures use tap water

A

False (distilled or deionized)

97
Q

Methods of Water Purification

Water is boiled, then vaporized, and collected once it has undegone condensation

A

Distillation

98
Q

Methods of Water Purification

TOF: Water cannot be distilled more than once

A

False (each distillation cycle will remove impurities)

99
Q

Methods of Water Purification

Uses an anion (+) or cation (-) exchange resin followed by replacement of removed particles with [OH] or [H] ions respectively

A

Deionized Water

100
Q

Methods of Water Purification

From which water sample is deionized water produced from?

A

Distilled Water

101
Q

Methods of Water Purification

TOF: In deionized water, although ions are removed, organic materials are still present so it is neither pure nor sterile

A

True

102
Q

Methods of Water Purification

This uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane; can be used as a pre-treatment before subjecting it to other methods

A

Reverse Osmosis

103
Q

Methods of Water Purification

TOF: Reverse osmosis does not remove dissolved gases

A

True

104
Q

Methods of Water Purification

Uses cartridges made of glass, cotton, or activated charcoal which removes organic materials, chlorine, and submicron filters

A

Filtration

105
Q

Methods of Water Purification

What is the most effective filtration size?

A

Less than 0.22um (average bacteria size is between 0.2 and 2um)

106
Q

Methods of Water Purification

This removes trace organic materials

A

UVL Treatment

107
Q

Methods of Water Purification

Uses specific wavelengths

A

Sterilization

Clinical Chemistry (CC 1) (7 decks)

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