Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

158 PEDS > Oxygen > Flashcards

Oxygen Flashcards

1
Q

Head bobbing

A

Child’s head moves forward each time they take a breath

This caused by the use of neck muscles to assist in breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Grunting

A

Sound heard on expiration caused by sudden closure of the glottis in an attempt to prevent alveoli from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nasal flaring

A

A compensatory symptom that increases upper airway diameter and reduces resistance and work of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Retractions

A

Sinking in if the soft tissue that occurs when lung compliance is poor or airway resistance is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Strider

A

Heard on inspiration In neck area

Caused by narrowing of upper airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rhochi

A

Continuous

Low pitched sound in larger airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wheezing

A

High pitched due to narrowed airway

Inspiration or expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rales/ crackles

A

Intermittent, brief, repetitive sounds caused by small collapsed airway popping open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PROVIDING FAMILY EDUCATION for respiratory infection

A

➢Stress importance of adhering to prescribed medications
➢Handwashing
➢Teach that child may continue to tire easily over the next 1 to 2 weeks
➢Infants may continue to need small, frequent feedings
➢Cough should lessen over time
➢Pain management if necessary
➢Immunization status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS (COMMON COLD)

A
  • Usually caused by rhinoviruses, influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, and adenovirus.
  • Via air or by person-to-person contact
  • frequently in the winter
  • Higher incidence among children who attend day care or school and among those exposed to second-hand smoke.
  • Spontaneously resolves after 10 to 14 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common cold symptoms

A

Fever in young children, low-grade fever in older children, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, coughing and sneezing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF NASOPHARYNGITIS

A
  • ACETAMINOPHEN FOR FEVER AND DISCOMFORT
  • ELEVATE HEAD
  • SALINE NOSE DROPS
  • COOL MIST HUMIDIFIER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What may help with nasopharyngitis

A

children ages 1 to 5 with upper respiratory tract infections were given up to 2 teaspoons of honey at bedtime.

The honey seemed to reduce nighttime coughing and improve sleep.

•However, due to the risk of infant botulism never give honey to a child younger than age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Otitis media (ear infection)

A

inflammation of the middle ear
with presence of fluid.
6 mos-2 years most common age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute otitis media (AOM)

A

rapid onset of signs and symptoms. lasts 1 – 3 weeks.

  • Viral - (most common) frequently due to blocked Eustachian tubes from edema of URI and resolves without treatment
  • Bacterial causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae
  • Clinical manifestations: otalgia (earache), fever may or may not be present, crying, irritability, lethargy, loss of appetite.

Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is also given to relieve pain and fever. (Antibiotic up to doctor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION (OME)

A

fluid in middle ear space without symptoms of acute infection.

17
Q

CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION- OME

A

lasting longer than 3 months

A referral to an ENT is needed for “Tubes in ears” (Tympanostomy tubes, also known as pressure-equalizing (PE tubes)

  • To treat chronic or recurrent ear infections, non-functioning Eustachian tubes, and protect from hearing loss.
    Post-operative care
    -May or may not restrict water in ears
18
Q

OTITIS EXTERNA (OE)-(SWIMMER’S EAR)

A

Infection and inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal

  • Caused by bacteria (pseudomonas and staph), or fungi (Aspergillus)
  • Moisture in the canal contributes to pathogen growth, and changing pH in the ear contributes to inflammation.

Administer antibiotic or antifungal eardrops. In some cases a wick is placed in the ear canal. Analgesics may be given and a warm compress for comfort.

19
Q

VIRAL PHARYNGITIS / VIRAL TONSILLITIS

A

Is usually self-limited and does not require therapy beyond symptomatic relief

THROAT CULTURES POSITIVE FOR GROUP A STREP OR POSITIVE RAPID STREP TEST
•Antibiotics (Penicillin or Amoxicillin. Alternative antibiotics include macrolides and cephalosporins)

20
Q

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF TONSILLITIS

A
  • Viral tonsillitis treatment – symptomatic care.
  • Throat cultures positive for Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci require antibiotic treatment.
  • Surgery is usually Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy
  • Watchful waiting for recurrent throat infections.
21
Q

TONSILLECTOMY POST-OP CARE

A
  • Pain relief: analgesics, popsicles, ice collar.
  • Minimizing activities or interventions that precipitate bleeding: discourage coughing frequently, clearing throat, blowing nose.
  • Observe for post-operative Hemorrhage
    • Primary (not common) – within 24 hours of surgery
    • Secondary - most commonly at day 5 to 10 post surgery
    • Signs: frequent swallowing, or fresh blood in vomitus.

•Hospitalized children may require monitoring of oxygen saturation

22
Q

CROUP

A

Inflammation and edema of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi; and mucous production which obstruct the airway.

3m-3y (viral infections)

Symptoms occur most often at NIGHT usually lasting 3 to 5 days.

Narrowing results in inspiratory stridor.
Edema causes hoarseness.
Inflammation causes barking cough.
URI symptoms may be present. Temperature may be normal or mildly elevated.

Complications are rare but may include respiratory distress, hypoxia, or bacterial superinfection.

23
Q

CROUP diagnosis

A

usually diagnosed based on history and clinical presentation, but a neck radiograph may be obtained to look for the “steeple sign”

24
Q

MANAGEMENT OF CROUP

A
  • usually managed on an outpatient basis.
  • Treatment is based on severity
  • Hospitalization may be needed if the child has significant stridor at rest or severe retractions.
  • Corticosteroids may be used to decrease inflammation.
  • Advise parents about symptoms of respiratory distress.
  • Teach parents to expose child to cool humidified air or a steamy bathroom
25
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

•An acute inflammatory process of the bronchioles and small bronchi

26
Q

RSV

A

➢winter and spring
➢ peak 6 months, Most children are infected by 2 years of age.
➢highly contagious and contracted through direct contact with respiratory secretions or from particles on objects

CONTACT AND DROPLET PRECAUTIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR A CHILD WITH RSV IN THE HOSPITAL

27
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF RSV

A
  • INITIAL: rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, intermittent fever
  • WITH PROGRESSION OF ILLNESS: increased cough and wheezing, fever, tachypnea, retractions, refusal to nurse or take bottle, copious secretions
  • SEVERE ILLNESS: Tachypnea > 70 breaths/min, listlessness, apneic spells, poor air exchange/decreased breath sounds, cyanosis
28
Q

RSV LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

A

➢Pulse oximetry
➢Testing is only done if the patient is going to be hospitalized
➢Nasal aspirate or wash – the most sensitive test.
➢Antigen testing (swab of secretions from the inside the mouth or nose)
➢Chest x-rays
➢Blood gases

29
Q

RSV Hospital management

A
  • IV fluids
  • Keep head of bed elevated
  • Saline nose drops/bulb suction
  • Small frequent feedings (NPO if RR >60)
  • Keep near nurse’s station due to risk of respiratory distress
  • Pulse oximetry - Humidified oxygen as ordered
  • Hypertonic saline inhalation therapy via nebulizer – administered by RT
  • Mechanical ventilation in rare cases.
  • Aerosolized ribavirin - use is limited because of issues with efficacy, safety, and cost.
30
Q

RSV home management

A
  • Keep head elevated
  • Cool mist humidifier
  • Saline nose drops/bulb suction
  • Small frequent feedings
  • Keep infant away from cigarette smoke
  • Signs of respiratory distress (fast breathing, increased work of breathing) - (Take to ED or call 911)
31
Q

RSV PREVENTION

A
  • Education of caregivers regarding transmission control
  • Good hand washing
  • Avoid close contact, such as kissing, shaking hands, and sharing cups and eating utensils, with others
  • Clean frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs and mobile devices
  • Avoidance of contagious settings (daycare)
  • Isolation of infected patients
  • RSV Immunoprophylaxis with SYNAGIS (Palivizumab) to infants with high risk of severe disease
32
Q

ASTHMA

A

chronic inflammatory which causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough, especially at night or in the early morning

Allergy influences persistence and severity of the disease

There is no cure; however, avoidance of allergens is the best way to avoid flare ups

33
Q

Mechanisms responsible for the obstructive symptoms of asthma

A
  1. Contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchiole tubes (bronchospasm)
  2. Inflammation of the airway mucosal surface leading to edema
  3. Increased airway mucous production
34
Q

Asthma long term control

A

➢Taken daily, over a long period of time
➢Used to reduce inflammation, relax airway muscles, and improve symptoms and pulmonary function

Examples:
➢Inhaled corticosteroids 
➢Long-acting beta2-agonists 
➢Combination agents 
➢Leukotriene receptor antagonist
35
Q

Asthma short term care

A

Used to provide prompt relief of bronchoconstriction and its accompanying acute symptoms such as cough, chest tightness and wheezing

➢Short-acting beta2-agonists - relax airway smooth muscle and cause prompt increase in airflow within 30 minutes

➢Anticholinergics - blocks vagal nerve impulses that tighten muscles in the walls of the bronchial tubes.

➢Oral steroids short term or “short burst”

➢Systemic Corticosteroids IV

36
Q

PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

A

A monitoring device which provides a means of evaluating the child’s condition and response to therapy and detecting asymptomatic deterioration of lung function.

Peak flow measurement is a quick test to measure air flowing out of the lungs.

The child identifies his or her personal best value, based upon a daily measuring and recording of the PEFR.

37
Q

Fine vs course crackles

A

Coarse crackles are heard during early inspiration and sound harsh or moist. … Fine crackles are heard during late inspiration and may sound like hair rubbing together

38
Q

Stages of asthma

A

Severe:

  • day long symptoms
  • freq night symptoms

Moderate persistent:

  • daily symptoms
  • night symptoms 3-4 time a month

Mild persistent:

  • symptoms more than twice a wk
  • night symptoms once or twice a month

Intermittent:

  • symptoms less than 2day a wk
  • night symptoms less than 2 a month
39
Q

Asthma symptoms

A 
Itching localized front of neck
Uncomfortable or irritated 
Restless
Chest tightness
 coughing

158 PEDS (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions