Cognition Flashcards
PEDIATRIC COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT
Screenings should NOT be done when a child is sick.
Screening is used to identify problems with vision, hearing, gross motor, fine motor, language, and behavior
•Look for dysmorphic features
DOWN SYNDROME
genetic disorder - presence of an extra 21st chromosome
risk for maternal age older than 35 years, and risk increases with advancing age
DOWN SYNDROME –
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Typical craniofacial appearance •Round face and flat nasal bridge •Upward slanting eyes •Epicanthic folds •Smooth philtrum •Small, low-set ears •Small, irregularly shaped mouth and protruding tongue •Microgenia •White spots on the iris known as Brushfield spots
- Gap between the first and second toes
- Single palmar fold (simian crease)
- Wide, short hands with short fingers
- Short stature (growth failure)
- Hypotonia
- Arched palate
- Short neck
HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
DOWN SYNDROME
- Delayed motor milestones
- Moderate to severe learning difficulties
- GI disorders
- 🦻🏼 and 👀 impairments
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Increased risk of infections
- Increased risk of hypothyroidism
- Epilepsy
- Atlantoaxial instability
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
broad range and severity of intellectual and behavioral deficits
Onset is in infancy or early childhood.
no medical detection for autism. (No biomarker)
Boys more common
ASD RED FLAGS
•Lack of eye contact, emotions and facial expressions •Fails to respond to their name •Speech delays or no speech •Repeats words or phrases exactly (with no comprehension) •Repetitive movements •Very resistant to change, needs structure •Fixates on an object, color or texture •Resistant to touch or physical contact
ASD TREATMENTS
- Early intervention affords the best opportunity to support healthy development and deliver benefits across the lifespan.
- Behavioral and Communication therapies
- Other therapies: PT, ST, & OT
- Family Counseling and Educational therapies
- Managing co-existing medical and behavioral conditions (motor impairments, epilepsy, GI & feeding problems, aggression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention)
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
- One of the most common behavioral disorders in children. Can persist into adulthood.
- Core symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity,
Signs of a kid with ADHD
📚Underachievement in school/work 📚Repeating a grade 📚School drop-out 👪Parenting distress 👪Parent-child interaction problems 🎭Low self-esteem/self-perception 🎭Difficult peer relationships 🎭Immature social skills 🚙Increased accidental injuries 🚙Increased automobile accidents
ADHD DIAGNOSIS
Several symptoms must present prior to 12-years-of-age (can be diagnosed after age 12).
- Symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings.
- Symptoms cause difficulty in functioning, and are not attributable to another mental health condition.
ADHD DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Inattentive type
6 or more for at least 6months
- Failure to pay close attention
- Careless mistakes on schoolwork
- Difficulty paying attention to tasks or play
- Doesn’t listen
- Doesn’t follow through
- Doesn’t complete tasks
- Doesn’t understand instructions
- Poorly organized
- Avoids, dislikes, or fails to engage in activities requiring mental effort
ADHD DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Hyperactive/impulsive type
6 or more
- Fidgety or squirmy
- Often out of seat
- Activity inappropriate to the situation
- Cannot engage in quiet play
- Always on the go
- Talks excessively
- Blurts out answers
- Has difficulty waiting his or her turn
- Often interrupts or intrudes on others
ADHD BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION
- Allow time for movement and activities
- Positive reinforcement and create positive opportunities
- Communication between parents, teachers and medical professionals
- Minimize distractions
- Create a routine and get organized
- Limit choices, use clear and concise communication, make a plan
Causes of HYDROCEPHALUS
- congenital causes:
- Aqueduct Stenosis
- Intrauterine viral infection
- Myelomeningocele (spina bifida)
- acquired causes:
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Tumor
- CSF infection
- Head injury
SYMPTOMS OF HYDROCEPHALUS
- Bulging fontanel (AF is tense and nonpulsatile)
- Enlarged head (↑ head circumference)
- Dilated scalp veins
- Skull bones become thin
- Sutures separated
- Frontal bossing
- Depressed eyes
- Setting-sun sign
