Oxygen Flashcards
COPD
chronic obstruction in airflow
- greater than 6 months
- trapping of CO2 and difficulty getting O2 in
Emphysema
destruction of alveoli
- decrease gas exchange
- pink puffer
Chronic Bronchitis
airway inflammation + excess sputum + cough
do not give COPD patients O2 greater than ____ because_____
> 2 lpm
because poor gas exchange
–body accommodate
–a stimulus to breathe ( high CO2 ) goes away which means lower O2 > will cause resp rate to drop > CO2 narcosis/toxicity
COPD assessment
-accessory msucle use
-adventitious breath sounds (diminished, crackle, or wheezes)
-BARREL CHEST
-congestion on x-ray
ABG
high pCO2
low pH
COPD treatments
bronchodilators + corticosteroids
-monitor SpO2 and ABG
What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?
Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water
HYPERcalcemia and HYPERmagnesemia cause
decreased neuromuscular excitability
A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of
neuromuscular excitability
-can be caused by HYPOcalcemia, HYPOmagnesemia
Na normal range
135-147 mEq/L
K normal range
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
Ca normal range
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
Mg normal range
1.5-2.5
Ph normal range
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Cl normal range
98-106 mEq/L
excess in carbonic acid…
resp acidosis
deficit in carbonic acid
resp alkalosis
deficit of bicarbonate in ECF
metab acidosis
excess of bicarbonate
metab alkalosis
low-dose o2 for chronic bronchitis
normally, low O2 sends a signal to baroreceptors to prevent CO2 fr accumulating
high dose will prevent that pathway and will try to increase CO2 retention.
low dose won’t interfere w the pathway
pulmonary ventilation> internal respiration> diffusion/perfusion
vent: air into lungs
resp: alveoli xchange
diffusion: high pressure to low
perfusion: O2 thru tissues
stroke volume
amount of blood forced out of the LEFT ventricle w EACH CONTRACTION
Cardiac Output
how much blood is pumped per minutes
Cardiac Output average
3.5-8 L/min
normal lung sounds
1 vesicular
2 bronchial
3 bronchovesicular
vesicular
low pitch, soft
-peripheral lung
bronchial
loud, high pitch
-trachea, larynx
bronchovesicular
medium pitch, blowing sounds
-major bronchi
adventitious lung sounds
- extra breathing
- wheezing
- crackles
- rhails
crackles
air passing thru fluid
wheeze
air passing thru constriction (may be due to swelling, narrowing, secretion, tumor)
-musical
lub
beginning of systole
S1
dub
end of systole, beginning of diastole, relaxation of ventricles
S2
spirometer is used for…
preventing atelecstatis and pneumonia
administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CAB
chest compression (check pulse, if none, initiate compressions)
airway (tilt head lift chin, check breathing, resp tract must be open)
breathing victim d
defribillation apply AED asap
chest physiotherapy is great for patients w sputum such as
cystic fibrosis
Respiratory Rate
INFANTS
20-40 breaths/min
Respiratory Rate Early Child (1-5)
25-32 breaths/min
Respiratory Rate Late Child (6-12)
18-26 breaths/min
Respiratory Rate
Adult
12-20 breaths/min
Respiratory Rate Older Adults (65+)
16-24 breaths/min
Pursed-lip breathing and its effect
1 Slows + prolongs expiration 2 DECR airway narrowing 3 Prevents collapse of sm airways 4 Improved airways 5 DECR dyspnea 6 relaxation/decr panic
pursed lip breathing is for
1 COPD
2 dyspnea
3 anxiety attx
how to perform pursed lip
1 Sit upright
2 Inhale thru nose while counting to 3
3 Exhale slowly + evenly thru pursed lips while tightening abs
4 Count to 7
if the chest tube becomes disconnected from the drainage unit…
submerge the end in water to create a water seal (air can escape) until a new drain unit can be attached.
-This is done instead of clamping to prevent another pneumothorax
illnesses that may cause crackles
congestive HF, fluid overload, pneumonia, bronchitis
Na normal range
135 - 145 mEq/L
K normal range
3.5m- 5.0 mEq/L
Ca normal range
9-10.5 total serum
Cl normal range
96-106 mEq/L
hyperkalemia on heart
bradycardia
relationship of calcium + phosphate
INVERSE
relationship of magnesium + potassium
DIRECT
HYPOcalcemia vs HYPERcalcemia
HYPO=incr muscular excitability
HYPER=decr musc excite
HYPOmanesemia vs HYPERmagnesemia
HYPO=incr muscular excitability
HYPER=decr musc excite
Biot’s
abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of regular deep inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.
Kussmaul
Deep, rapid breathing (hyperventilation)
-Expels co2 in DKA to fix acidosis
Oxygen use at home
- No petroleum
- No synthetic fabrics like polyester
- No wool
- Wear cotton
wheezes can be heard in
asthma, tumors, buildup in secretion
COPD requires a ______ diet
high protein + high calorie
1.9-2.9L water
water intake for patients w heart failure and hyponatremia
1.5L water
Chest tube
used to suction pleural space
- fluid (pleural effusion)
- air (pneumothorax)
- blood (hemothorax)
Chest tube locations
air is higher in the chest
fluid is lower because it settles at bottom of lungs
