Asepsis + Infection Flashcards
infectious agent
bacteria, virus, fungi
reservoir
natural habitat of organism
portal of exit
point of escape for organism
means of transmission
Direct/Indirect Contact, Airborne Route
Portal of Entry
point at which organism enter a new host
Susceptible Host
must overcome resistance mounted by host’ defenses
Factors Affecting an Organism’s Potential to Produce Disease
- number of organisms
- virulence
- competence or person’s immune system
- length + intimacy of contact bw person and microbe
Stages of Infection
1 incubation
2 prodromal
3 full stage of illness
4 convalescent
most infectious stage
prodromal stage
Outcome ID + Planning
for Infection Control
- hand hygience practive
- ID signs of infection
- adequate nutritional intake
- proper disposal of soiled articles
- cleansing/disinfecting techniques
- proper immunization if avail
- stress-reduction techniques
norm WBC
5k-10k/mm3
aseptic vs sterile
aseptic is contamination-free
sterile is 100% germ free
4 transmission based precautions
1 Contact Precaution
2 Airborne Precaution
3 Droplet Precaution
4 Neutropenic
Contact Precaution
G+G
C.diff, MRSA, Shigella,
VRE, herpes, diarrhea
Airborne Precaution
G+G, N95,
TB, chickenpox, measles, sars
Droplet Precaution
G+G + goggles + surgical mask
influenza aka flu, myco. pneumonia, mumps,
C DIFF
must wash hands. cannot get rid of by hand gel
-contact
airborne vs droplet
airborne is smaller
vital signs + sequence
indicator of physiological functioning
Temp, Pulse, Resp, BP
sometimes pain + pulse oximetry
pulse oximetry
noninvasive arterial oxyhemoglobin measurement
Body Temp
the difference bw the amt of heat produced by the body and amt of heat lost to the environment measure in degrees
heat is generated by…
metabolic processes in the core tissues of the body
heat is transferred from the core to the skin by…
circulating blood
core temp is regulated by…
thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus
primary source of heat in the body is…
metabolism
shivering
muscle tremors caused by hypothalamus to produce heaty
goosebumps
contraction of pilomotor muscles on skin
-reduce surface area on skin available for heat loss
primary site of heat loss…
skin
heat is lossed on skin by…
circ. blood bring heat to ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS
- open to allow heat to dissipate
- close to retain hear in body
arteriovenous shunt
small connections bw arterioles + venules
-open + close to allow heat to dissipate or retain heat in body
Opening + closing of arteriovenous shunts is controlled by…
sympathetic nervous system in response to changes in core temp or environment
4 mechanisms of heat transfer
1 Radiation
2 Convection
3 Evaporation
4 Conduction
Radiation
diffusion or dissemination of heat by electromagnetic waves
ex) body gives off waves of heat fr uncovered surfaces
Convection
dissemination of heat by motion bw areas of unequal density
ex) an oscillating fan blows currents of cool are across the surface of warm body
Evaporation
conversion of liquid to vapor
ex) perspiration carries heat away as it evaporates
Conduction
transfer of heat fr one object to another during DIRECT CONTACT
ex) body transfers heat to an ice pack
Afebrile
person w normal body temp
Pyrexia
fever
-incr in above normal body temp
febrile
a person with a fever
Pyrogen
substance that causes fever
- an upward displacement of thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus
- —cause incr in temp
substances that can trigger incr in temp
bacteria, bacterial products, whole microbes like viruses, response to tissue injury
temp rising mechanisms
shiver
piloerection
vasocontriction
incr metab
Benefits of fevers within 40C/104F
- incr in immune function, inflammation
- -valuable indicator of health status
- destruction of disease-causing microbes
- incr susceptibility of disease-causing microbes to anti-infective agents
Hyperprexia
dangerously high temp, med emergency
- above 41C (106F)
- must be cooled to prevent brain damage
fevers are usually self-limiting
when temp rises to new set point (due to incr fr pyrogen), heat loss mechanisms prevent temp rising to dangerous levels
heat loss mechanisms
sweating
vasodilation
incr respiration
hypothermia vs fever
no change in set point in hypothermia
-extreme heat exposure or excessive heat production (like a strenous workout)
Neurogenic fever does not respond to…
antipyretic med
hyperthermia fever hypothermia severe hypo ranges
hyperthermia >41 fever>38.1-40 NORM=35.9-38 hypothermia <35 severe hypo <28
effects of hyperthermia
loss of appetite, headache, flush, thirst, seizures
INCR resp + pulse
effects of hypothermia
poor coordination, slurred speech, poor judgment, amnesia, hallucination
DECR resp> Weak pulse> decr BP
pulse is throbbing sensation that is produced by…
contraction of LEFT ventricle
-causes wave of blood being pumped into arterial circulation
tachycardia
incr heart rate/pulse
bradycardia
decr hrt rt/pulse
-sleeping, men, thin, aging, beta blockers
dysthrythmia
irreg hrt beat
arrythmia
lack of hrt rate
pulse deficit
diff bw APICAL vs RADIAL pulse.
apical pulse
bw 5-6th ribs on patient’s left midclavicular line
tachypnea/bradypnea
high +low resp rate
apnea
periods of no breathing
dyspnea
difficult/labored breathing
orthopnea
when dyspneic ppl can breathe better when upright
blood pressure refers to…
amt of force of moving blood against arterial wall
Hospital Acquired Infections
examples
Catheter UTI (CAUTI)
Surgical site infection (SSI)
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
Central line bloodstream infection (CLASBI)
all isolation rooms require…
gown + gloves
DON procedure
1 gown
2 mask
3 goggles/face shield
4 gloves
DOFF procedure
1 gloves
2 goggles/face shield
3 gown
4 mask
Types of precautions
1 standard
2 contact
3 droplet
4 airborne
medical vs surgical asepsis
medical is clean technique, surgical is sterile
LUB
S1
-closure of Mitral + Tricuspic AV valves
Dub
S2
-closure of Aortic + Pulmonary valves
