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FMHS AcDec 2014 > Overview: Social Science > Flashcards

Overview: Social Science Flashcards

0
Q

CAA

A

Clean Air Act

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1
Q

ANWR

A

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

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2
Q

CAES

A

Compressed air energy storage

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3
Q

CAFE

A

corporate average fuel economy

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4
Q

CBDR

A

Common but differentiated responsibility

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5
Q

CCS

A

Carbon capture and storage

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6
Q

CEQ

A

The council on environmental equality

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7
Q

CERCLA

A

Comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act; also known as Superfund

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8
Q

CFCs

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

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9
Q

CFLs

A

Compact fluorescent lights

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10
Q

CHP

A

Combined heat and power

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11
Q

CSP

A

Concentrating solar power

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12
Q

CWA

A

Clean water act

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13
Q

EES

A

Electrical energy storage

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14
Q

EIA

A

Energy information administration

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15
Q

EISA

A

Energy independence and security act of 2007

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16
Q

EPA

A

Environmental Protection Agency

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17
Q

EPAct

A

energy policy act of 1992

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18
Q

EPCA

A

Energy policy and conservation act of 1975

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19
Q

ESA

A

Endangered species act

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20
Q

EV

A

Electric value

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21
Q

EWG

A

Exempt wholesale generator

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22
Q

FPC

A

Federal power commission

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23
Q

GHGs

A

Greenhouse gases

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24
Q

IEA

A

International energy agency

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25
Q

IPCC

A

Intergovernmental panel on climate change

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26
Q

ITC

A

Investment tax credit

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27
Q

LEDs

A

Light emitting diodes

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28
Q

NEPA

A

National environmental policy act 1969

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29
Q

NPDES

A

National pollutant discharge elimination system

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30
Q

NRDC

A

National resource defense council

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31
Q

OECD

A

Organization for economic co-operation and development

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32
Q

OPEC

A

Organization of petroleum exporting companies

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33
Q

PHS

A

Pumped hydro storage

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34
Q

PTC

A

Production tax credit

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35
Q

PUC

A

Public utility commission

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36
Q

PUHCA

A

Public utility holding company act of 1935

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37
Q

PURPA

A

Public utility regulatory policies act of 1978

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38
Q

PV

A

Photovoltaic

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39
Q

QF

A

Qualifying facilities

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40
Q

RCRA

A

Resource conservation and recovery act of 1976

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41
Q

RFS

A

Renewable Fuel standard

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42
Q

RPS

A

Renewable portfolio standard

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43
Q

SDWA

A

Safe drinking water act

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44
Q

SMR

A

Small module reactor

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45
Q

SPR

A

Strategic petroleum reserve

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46
Q

UNFCC

A

United Nations framework convention on climate change

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47
Q

A four star admiral of the US Navy who directed the original development of the naval nuclear propulsion and is known as the “father of the Nuclear Navy’s”

A

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover

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48
Q

Describes pollutants caused or produced by human activity

A

Anthropogenic

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49
Q

Also known as the Yom Kippur War and the October War, this war was fought by the coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt and Syria) against Israel in October 1973

A

1973 Arab-Israeli War

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50
Q

The Arab-dominated organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) announced an oil embargo on the United States and other nations that provide aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur War of October 1973 which prompted a disruption of the oil supply in the US and other nations dependent on foreign oil

A

Arab oil embargo of 1973

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51
Q

Vegetable oil or animal fat based diesel fuel that can be used alone or blended with petrodiesel

A

Biodiesel

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52
Q

Fuels that are produced from living organisms

A

Biofuels

53
Q

A harder more resistant rock type that overlays a weaker, less resistant rock type; in the petroleum industry cap rock is any non-permeable formation that can trap oil, gas, and water

A

Cap rock

54
Q

The process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from power plant, transporting it to a storage site and depositing it underground so that it will not enter the atmosphere

A

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

55
Q

American marine biologist and author known for calling attention to environmental problems she believed were caused by synthetic pesticides, DDT

A

Rachel Carson

56
Q

A nuclear accident that took place at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (at the time part of the USSR) on April 26 1986 due to the explosion and fire that released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere

A

Chernobyl Disaster

57
Q

Organic compounds widely used as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents whose manufacture has been phased out by the Montreal Protocol (which entered into force in 1989) because they contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

58
Q

US federal law passed in 1963 designed to control national air pollution

A

Clean Air Act

59
Q

US federal law passed in 1972 that governs water pollution by establishing the goal of eliminating the release of toxic substances into water and ensuring that surface waters meet standards necessary to support human sports and recreations

A

Clean Water Act (CWA)

60
Q

The use of a heat engine to simultaneously generate electricity and use the waste heat; also known as combined heat and power (CHP)

A

Cogeneration

61
Q

An assembly of heat engines that work in tandem for the same source of heat, such that the exhaust of one heat engine is used as the heat source for another, to produce steam and then electricity

A

Combined cycle

62
Q

Fluorescent lamps designed to replace incandescent lamps because they use less electricity, last longer, and produce the same amount of visible light

A

Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs)

63
Q

Enacted by congress on December 11, 1980 and designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances

A

Comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act (CERCLA or Superfund)

64
Q

A system that uses mirrors and lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area, this converts this light to heat which drives a heat engine and produces electricity

A

Concentrating solar power

65
Q

First enacted by congress in 1975, CAFE regulations are meant to increase the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks sold in the United States

A

Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)

66
Q

An organochlorine insecticide used in World War II to combat malaria and typhus among civilians and troops; its negative environmental and human health impacts were explored in Rachel Carson’s silent spring

A

DDT

67
Q

A program that facilitates changes in normal energy consumptions by end-use customers in response to changes in price of electricity, often through incentive payments, at times of high wholesale market prices, or when system reliability is jeopardized

A

Demand response

68
Q

Programs that help shift electricity consumption away from hours of peak demand

A

Demand shifting

69
Q

A cabinet-level department of the US federal government that develops policies related to energy and is responsible for the national nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production, energy conservation, energy related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production

A

Department of Energy

70
Q

An annual event celebrated on April 22nd that is intended to demonstrate support for environmental protection

A

Earth day

71
Q

The name given to a photograph taken by the Apollo 8 crew in 1968, touted as the most influential environment photograph ever taken and used that the primary symbol for the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970

A

Earthrise

72
Q

An American biologist and educator who authored the controversial book “The Population Bomb” which warned of negative consequences of population growth and its strain on limited resources

A

Paul Ehrlich

73
Q

A system for effecting purchase, sale, and/or trade of power and energy

A

Electricity market

74
Q

Passed by the 110th congress in 2007, EISAs purpose was to move the US toward greater energy independence and security by increasing the production of renewable fuels; increasing energy efficiency in products, buildings, and vehicles; improving the energy performance of the federal government; and promoting research for carbon capture and sequestration

A

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)

75
Q

Passed in 1992 by the 102nd congress, this law set new goals, created mandates, and amended utility laws to increase clean energy usage and improve energy efficiency in the United States

A

Energy policy act of 1992 (EPAct)

76
Q

An act that provided tax incentives and loan guarantees for renewable energy and coal and also exempted oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act

A

Energy Policy Act of 2005

77
Q

An international standard for energy efficient consumer products

A

Energy Star

78
Q

A nonprofit environmental advocacy group that works on environmental issues, including global warming, ecosystem restoration, oceans, and human health

A

Environmental Defense Fund

79
Q

A US federal agency created in 1970 to protect human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by congress

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

80
Q

A volatile, flammable alcohol often used as a motor fuel and fuel additive

A

Ethanol

81
Q

Any naturally occurring carbon or hydrocarbon fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and natural gas formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms

A

Fossil Fuel

82
Q

The location of a nuclear accident caused by a tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011; it is considered the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl

A

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

83
Q

Thermal energy generated and stored within the earth and used for heating applications in the residential, industrial, and agricultural sectors

A

Geothermal energy

84
Q

The practice of drilling non-vertical wells to increase the exposed section of the drill and allow more well heads to be grouped together, reducing surface area disturbance

A

Horizontal drilling

85
Q

A technique in which a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand is injected at high pressure into a wellbore to create small fractures in rock which brings natural gas, petroleum, and brine water to the surface; this process is commonly used in wells for shale gas, tight gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas

A

Hydraulic fracturing

86
Q

Organic compounds made entirely of carbon and hydrogen; the primary energy source for most nations

A

Hydrocarbons

87
Q

A traditional less efficient electric light that produces light with a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current

A

Incandescent lightbulb

88
Q

An international scientific intergovernmental organization established in 1988 by the United Nations to provide comprehensive assessments of current scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information about the risk of climate change

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

89
Q

An intergovernmental organization established in 1974 (in response to the 1973 oil crisis) to act as a policy advisor to its member states

A

International energy agency (IEA)

90
Q

Events in 1978-79 that involved the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty that had been supported by the U.S. and the United Kingdom

A

Iranian Revolution

91
Q

Semiconductor light sources used as indicator lamps in many devices for general lighting

A

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

92
Q

A measure of the total amount of visible light emitted by a source

A

Lumens

93
Q

Transition from vertically integrated utilities setting rates for electricity to consumer choice on the basis of competitive prices and products; this process has been slowed or halted in several states, notably California, due to market failures and price gouging that costs consumers and states billions of dollars

A

Market deregulation

94
Q

An international treaty that came into affect on January 1, 1982, and was designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion

A

Montreal Protocol

95
Q

A legislative response by congress to the 1973 energy crisis; it includes the following statutes: The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act, the Energy Tax Act, the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, the Power Plant and Industrial Fuel Use Act, and the Natural Gas Policy Act

A

National Energy Act of 1978

96
Q

Passed into law in 1978, this act serves as the foundation of most current energy requirements and is the underlying authority for federal energy management goals and requirements

A

National Energy Conservation Policy Act

97
Q

A 1970 US environmental law that established a national policy of protecting the environment and created the council of environment quality (CEQ)

A

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

98
Q

A nonprofit international environmental advocacy group established to seek sustainable policies from federal, state, and local governments, as well as from industry and corporations

A

National Resource Defense Council (NRDC)

99
Q

An intergovernmental organization formed in 1960 whose mission is to coordinate the policies of oil-producing countries and secure a steady income for the member states and a supply of oil for its consumers; its current member states include Algeria, Ecuador, Angola, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela

A

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC)

100
Q

In the energy sector, peak demand is a period in which electricity is expected to be provided for a sustained amount of time at a significantly higher than average supply level

A

Peak Demand

101
Q

The point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached

A

Peak Oil

102
Q

Allowing liquids or gas to flow through (to the extent to which air or water can flow through a rock or earth material)

A

Permeable

103
Q

Chemical products derived from petroleum

A

Petrochemicals

104
Q

A method of generating electricity by converting solar radiation (sunlight) into direct current electricity using semiconductors

A

Photovoltaics (PV)

105
Q

A principle or course of action to guide decision making

A

Policy

106
Q

Having small holes or spaces (in a rock or other material) that allow air or liquid to pass through

A

Porous

107
Q

Governmental restrictions on the price that can be charged for goods and services in a market in order to maintain affordability, prevent price gouging, and slow inflation

A

Price Controls

108
Q

A period between the 1890s and the 1920s in the US that was marked by a desire for political reform and a push for efficiency

A

Progressive Era

109
Q

Passed as part of the National Energy Act, PURPA helped enable some domestic renewable energy use by forcing electric utilities to buy power from non traditional power producers

A

Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA)

110
Q

An organization that maintains the infrastructure necessary to provide a public service, such as electricity that is regulated by a public utilities commission

A

Public Utilities

111
Q

A governing body that regulates the rates and services of a public utility

A

Public Utility Commission (PUC)

112
Q

PUHCA was passed to regulate electric utilities by either limiting their operations to a single state or by forcing divestiture so that each became a single integrated system limited to a single state. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 repealed PUHCA entirely

A

Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA)

113
Q

Created under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and strengthened by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the RFS program requires transportation fuels sold in the US to contain minimum volume of renewable fuels

A

Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS)

114
Q

A regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources

A

Renewable Portfolio Standard

115
Q

Enacted in 1976 this is the principle US federal law that governs the disposal of solid and hazardous waste

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

116
Q

A unit of energy commonly used in energy analysis. A unit of energy equal to 10^15 BTU, another commonly used form of energy. A single BTU is the amount of energy required to heat or cool one pound of water by a single degree Fahrenheit. So it is a significant amount of energy.

A

Quad

117
Q

Passed in 1974, the SDWA is a federal law that required the environmental protection agency to set and enforce standards for drinking water quality for the public

A

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

118
Q

A term coined in the 1950s to describe the seven oil companies that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s

A

Seven Sisters

119
Q

Natural gas that is trapped within shale formation (fine grained sedimentary rocks)

A

Shale gas

120
Q

Written by Rachel Carson in 1962, this widely read book documented the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds

A

Silent Spring

121
Q

SMRs are a new nuclear power plant design with an output of less than 300 MW; they are considered more efficient and secure than traditional power plants

A

Small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs)

122
Q

A modernized electric grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information in an automated fashion to improve efficiency, reliability, and security

A

Smart grid

123
Q

Rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated

A

Source Rock

124
Q

A market in which commodities such as oil and natural gas are traded for immediate delivery; this is in contrast to future markets in which such commodities are traded for delivery sometime in the future

A

Spot market

125
Q

An emergency oil supply maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy

A

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)

126
Q

Also known as ‘Big Oil’, a term used to describe the worlds five or six largest publicly owned oil and gas companies; these include BP, Chevron Corporation, ExxonMobil Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell, Total SA, and ConocoPhillips Company

A

Supermajors

127
Q

The site of a partial nuclear meltdown that occurred in one of the two reactors in Pennsylvania March 28, 1979, it is considered the worst accident in US nuclear power plant history

A

Three Mile Island

128
Q

Hydrocarbon reservoirs that have low permeability and porosity that are therefore difficult to exploit; examples include tight gas, coalbed methane, shale gas, shale oil, and tar sands

A

Unconventional hydrocarbon resource

129
Q

The conversion of wind kinetic energy into either mechanical energy or electricity

A

Wind power

130
Q

A device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy to produce electricity

A

Wind turbine

FMHS AcDec 2014 (19 decks)

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