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FMHS AcDec 2014 > Overview: Science > Flashcards

Overview: Science Flashcards

0
Q

A spontaneous radioactive decay with the emission of alpha particles

A

Alpha decay

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1
Q

The energy a molecule needs before it can engage in a reaction

A

Activation energy

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2
Q

An ion of helium that contains two protons and two neutrons

A

Alpha particle

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3
Q

A negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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4
Q

A negatively charged electrode

A

Anode

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5
Q

The sum of he masses of the protons and neutrons in an atom

A

Atomic mass

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6
Q

The number of protons (atomic particles found in a nucleus of every atom that carry a positive charge equal in size to the negative charge of an electron)

A

Atomic number

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7
Q

The radius of an atom

A

Atomic radius

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8
Q

The number of atoms or molecule per mole of a substance

A

Avogadro’s number

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9
Q

A spontaneous radioactive decay with the emission of beta particles

A

Beta decay

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10
Q

A negative or positive particle with mass equal to the mass of the electron which is emitted during beta radioactive decay

A

Beta particle

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11
Q

A model previously used to describe the atom which has since been found to be inaccurate

A

Bohr model

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12
Q

British thermal unit; roughly the amount of energy that must be added to 1 pound of water to increase its temperature 1F

A

BTU

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13
Q

Roughly the amount of energy that must be added to 1 gram of water to increase its temperature by 1C

A

Calorie

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14
Q

Any material that speeds up a reaction without being used up or altered by the reaction

A

Catalyst

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15
Q

A reaction that is sped up by a catalyst

A

Catalyzed reaction

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16
Q

A positively charged electrode

A

Cathode

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17
Q

A positively charged ion

A

Cation

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18
Q

The direct transfer of energy from one particle to another

A

Conduction

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19
Q

Changes the temperature via the movement of fluids over a surface

A

Convection

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20
Q

States that two opposite charges (positive and negative) attract each other with a force proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square and the distance between the charges; two charges with the same polarity repel each other with the same force

A

Coulomb’s law

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21
Q

A process used to create amorphous silicon

A

Deposition

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22
Q

Substances that have relatively high resistance and are poor conductors of electric current

A

Dielectrics

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23
Q

A deviation from the straight propagation of light rays; the bending of light around objects whose size is close to that of the wavelength of light

A

Diffraction

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24
A reflection from a rough surface
Diffuse reflection
25
Chemistry dealing with electric charge
Electrochemistry
26
Negatively charged subatomic particle
Electron
27
Refers to an elements tendency to pick up free electrons and become an anion (a negatively charged ion)
Electronegativity
28
A property of matter; the molecules in a chunk of matter, the electromagnetic waves in a field of radiation, and the cells living in an organism all have energy
Energy
29
Keeping track of all the energy inputs and outputs in a system
Energy bookkeeping
30
The number of ways a system can be arranged - effectively the disorder of a system
Entropy
31
When two bodies with different temperatures come into contact with another, the temperature of the two different objects tend to increase or decrease until the two bodies have the same temperature
Equilibrium
32
A law which states that changing a magnetic field with time creates an electric field
Faraday's law of induction
33
The change in energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system and the work done on that system. Essentially, it illustrates that energy is conserved
First Law of Thermodynamics
34
Generally described as a nuclear reaction between two atomic nuclei, which collide at extremely high speeds and form a new heavier type of atomic nucleus
Fusion
35
A spontaneous radioactive decay with the emission of gamma radiation which is a high energy electromagnetic wave
Gamma decay
36
A surface on which the acceleration is always constant
Gaussian Surface
37
An approximation that treats light as straight beams of rays
Geometrical optics
38
This principle states that if we know the exact position of an electron, we know nothing about its velocity, and if we know the velocity of an electron we know nothing about its position, you cannot have one with the other
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
39
A catalyst that is not in the same phase as the reactants
Heterogenous catalyst
40
A catalyst that is in the same phase as the reactants
Homogenous catalysts
41
Units of power
Horsepower
42
One of the earliest machines for producing useful mechanical energy
Hydraulic turbine
43
An approximation of gas with molecules of zero size and no interactions between them
Ideal gas
44
Tells us how fast light propagates in a medium relative to the speed of light in a vacuum
Index of Refraction
45
The field of chemistry that deals with nonorganic matter (that is, matter that is not carbon-based) such as metals and crystals
Inorganic chemistry
46
A phenomenon that occurs when two coherent light waves are emitted by two closely spaced light sources; interference can be either contractive (the two waves are added) or destructive (the two waves are subtracted) interaction between the two waves, depending on the phase difference between the waves
Interference
47
The energy necessary to remove the first electron from an atom and make it a positively charged ion
Ionization Energy
48
X-Rays and gamma rays photons passing through the air interact over and over with atoms in the air through Compton scattering, the photoelectric effect, and the electron-positron pair production
Ionizing Radiation
49
Atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
50
The amount of energy that is used by a one watt light up in one second
Joule
51
Energy that is generated with the help of nuclear reaction operations under human control; for example, the energy generated by the explosion of atomic and hydrogen bombs
Manmade nuclear energy
52
The average distance a molecule of a gas travels without collision
Mean free path
53
Elements that have characteristics of both metals and no metals; they are good conductors under some conditions, but poor conductors under other conditions
Metalloids
54
The most abundant elements of the periodic table; metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, are almost all solids at room temperature, and tend to prefer metallic and ionic bonds (chemical bonds formed by ions of opposite charge) to covalent bonds (a chemical bond formed between atoms by the sharing of electrons)
Metals
55
An uncharged atomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to a proton; neutrons are present in all known atomic nuclei except for hydrogen
Neutron
56
The second most abundant elements of the periodic table; nonmetals tend to be poor conductors of heat and electricity; includes elements that are solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature; and are more likely to engage in covalent bonding
Nonmetals
57
Matter that is not carbon-based
Nonorganic matter
58
Refers to the energy released by controlled nuclear reactions
Nuclear energy
59
The splitting of a heavy nucleus to create smaller nucleus or lighter nuclei; the sum of the masses of nuclei fragments will be smaller than the original mass of the nucleus
Nuclear fission
60
The innermost part of the atom; it is made up of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
61
In the Bohr model of the atom, these are the paths of the electrons
Orbitals
62
Tends to focus on the nonmetals, such as carbon and oxygen, and at times some of the alkali and alkaline earth metals
Organic chemistry
63
The difference between the number of electrons associated with an atom in a compound and the number of electrons in an atom of the element; in ions, the oxidation state is the ionic charge; in a covalent compounds the oxidation state corresponds to the formal charge; elements are assumed to exist in the zero oxidation state
Oxidation State
64
A table listing all known elements
Periodic table
65
The patterns observed in the periodic table
Periodic trends
66
The release of electrons that occurs when a metal in a vacuum is exposed to light
Photoelectric effect
67
Solid state materials that absorb impinging photons (from sunlight or other light sources) to produce electric current
Photovoltaic or solar cells
68
A special type of electromagnetic wave in which both the electric field and the magnetic field are perpendicular to the direction of propagation
Plane electromagnetic wave
69
The plane of oscillation of an electric field
Polarization plane
70
Energy divided by the time required for the energy transfer
Power
71
A positively charged subatomic particle
Proton
72
The property of a nucleus to spontaneously emit radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, or to spontaneously disintegrate into lighter "daughter" nuclei during fission radioactive decay
Radioactivity
73
Heat can only be transferred from a hot object to a cooler object never in the other direction
Second law of thermodynamics
74
Substances that are poor conductors of electric current
Semiconductors
75
An early type of hydraulic turbine
Simple water wheel
76
A reflection from a smooth surface
Speculate reflection
77
The difference in the standard reduction potentials of the two solutions in a cell
Standard electrode potential
78
A turbine which operates on high pressure steam that is fed into nozzles, where it is accelerated, and then this high-speed flow impacts upon turbine blades attached to a rotor; the rotor of the steam turbine is connected to an electric power generator, which generates electricity
Steam Turbine
79
The measure of how fast atoms or molecules move within a body, be it solid, liquid, or gas
Temperature
80
The higher the temperature, the larger the amplitude of the vibration of atoms or molecules around their equilibrium position, and the larger the piece of bulk, such as metal, becomes
Thermal expansion
81
A branch of physics and an engineering science that connects heat, internal or thermal energy, and mechanical energy
Thermodynamics
82
A unit of power (2)
Watts
83
The theory that light behaves both as a particle and a wave
Wave particle duality

FMHS AcDec 2014 (19 decks)

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