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FMHS AcDec 2014 > Overview: Science > Flashcards

Overview: Science Flashcards

0
Q

A spontaneous radioactive decay with the emission of alpha particles

A

Alpha decay

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1
Q

The energy a molecule needs before it can engage in a reaction

A

Activation energy

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2
Q

An ion of helium that contains two protons and two neutrons

A

Alpha particle

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3
Q

A negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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4
Q

A negatively charged electrode

A

Anode

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5
Q

The sum of he masses of the protons and neutrons in an atom

A

Atomic mass

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6
Q

The number of protons (atomic particles found in a nucleus of every atom that carry a positive charge equal in size to the negative charge of an electron)

A

Atomic number

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7
Q

The radius of an atom

A

Atomic radius

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8
Q

The number of atoms or molecule per mole of a substance

A

Avogadro’s number

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9
Q

A spontaneous radioactive decay with the emission of beta particles

A

Beta decay

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10
Q

A negative or positive particle with mass equal to the mass of the electron which is emitted during beta radioactive decay

A

Beta particle

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11
Q

A model previously used to describe the atom which has since been found to be inaccurate

A

Bohr model

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12
Q

British thermal unit; roughly the amount of energy that must be added to 1 pound of water to increase its temperature 1F

A

BTU

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13
Q

Roughly the amount of energy that must be added to 1 gram of water to increase its temperature by 1C

A

Calorie

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14
Q

Any material that speeds up a reaction without being used up or altered by the reaction

A

Catalyst

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15
Q

A reaction that is sped up by a catalyst

A

Catalyzed reaction

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16
Q

A positively charged electrode

A

Cathode

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17
Q

A positively charged ion

A

Cation

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18
Q

The direct transfer of energy from one particle to another

A

Conduction

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19
Q

Changes the temperature via the movement of fluids over a surface

A

Convection

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20
Q

States that two opposite charges (positive and negative) attract each other with a force proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square and the distance between the charges; two charges with the same polarity repel each other with the same force

A

Coulomb’s law

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21
Q

A process used to create amorphous silicon

A

Deposition

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22
Q

Substances that have relatively high resistance and are poor conductors of electric current

A

Dielectrics

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23
Q

A deviation from the straight propagation of light rays; the bending of light around objects whose size is close to that of the wavelength of light

A

Diffraction

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24
Q

A reflection from a rough surface

A

Diffuse reflection

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25
Q

Chemistry dealing with electric charge

A

Electrochemistry

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26
Q

Negatively charged subatomic particle

A

Electron

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27
Q

Refers to an elements tendency to pick up free electrons and become an anion (a negatively charged ion)

A

Electronegativity

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28
Q

A property of matter; the molecules in a chunk of matter, the electromagnetic waves in a field of radiation, and the cells living in an organism all have energy

A

Energy

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29
Q

Keeping track of all the energy inputs and outputs in a system

A

Energy bookkeeping

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30
Q

The number of ways a system can be arranged - effectively the disorder of a system

A

Entropy

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31
Q

When two bodies with different temperatures come into contact with another, the temperature of the two different objects tend to increase or decrease until the two bodies have the same temperature

A

Equilibrium

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32
Q

A law which states that changing a magnetic field with time creates an electric field

A

Faraday’s law of induction

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33
Q

The change in energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system and the work done on that system. Essentially, it illustrates that energy is conserved

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

34
Q

Generally described as a nuclear reaction between two atomic nuclei, which collide at extremely high speeds and form a new heavier type of atomic nucleus

A

Fusion

35
Q

A spontaneous radioactive decay with the emission of gamma radiation which is a high energy electromagnetic wave

A

Gamma decay

36
Q

A surface on which the acceleration is always constant

A

Gaussian Surface

37
Q

An approximation that treats light as straight beams of rays

A

Geometrical optics

38
Q

This principle states that if we know the exact position of an electron, we know nothing about its velocity, and if we know the velocity of an electron we know nothing about its position, you cannot have one with the other

A

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

39
Q

A catalyst that is not in the same phase as the reactants

A

Heterogenous catalyst

40
Q

A catalyst that is in the same phase as the reactants

A

Homogenous catalysts

41
Q

Units of power

A

Horsepower

42
Q

One of the earliest machines for producing useful mechanical energy

A

Hydraulic turbine

43
Q

An approximation of gas with molecules of zero size and no interactions between them

A

Ideal gas

44
Q

Tells us how fast light propagates in a medium relative to the speed of light in a vacuum

A

Index of Refraction

45
Q

The field of chemistry that deals with nonorganic matter (that is, matter that is not carbon-based) such as metals and crystals

A

Inorganic chemistry

46
Q

A phenomenon that occurs when two coherent light waves are emitted by two closely spaced light sources; interference can be either contractive (the two waves are added) or destructive (the two waves are subtracted) interaction between the two waves, depending on the phase difference between the waves

A

Interference

47
Q

The energy necessary to remove the first electron from an atom and make it a positively charged ion

A

Ionization Energy

48
Q

X-Rays and gamma rays photons passing through the air interact over and over with atoms in the air through Compton scattering, the photoelectric effect, and the electron-positron pair production

A

Ionizing Radiation

49
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons

A

Isotopes

50
Q

The amount of energy that is used by a one watt light up in one second

A

Joule

51
Q

Energy that is generated with the help of nuclear reaction operations under human control; for example, the energy generated by the explosion of atomic and hydrogen bombs

A

Manmade nuclear energy

52
Q

The average distance a molecule of a gas travels without collision

A

Mean free path

53
Q

Elements that have characteristics of both metals and no metals; they are good conductors under some conditions, but poor conductors under other conditions

A

Metalloids

54
Q

The most abundant elements of the periodic table; metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, are almost all solids at room temperature, and tend to prefer metallic and ionic bonds (chemical bonds formed by ions of opposite charge) to covalent bonds (a chemical bond formed between atoms by the sharing of electrons)

A

Metals

55
Q

An uncharged atomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to a proton; neutrons are present in all known atomic nuclei except for hydrogen

A

Neutron

56
Q

The second most abundant elements of the periodic table; nonmetals tend to be poor conductors of heat and electricity; includes elements that are solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature; and are more likely to engage in covalent bonding

A

Nonmetals

57
Q

Matter that is not carbon-based

A

Nonorganic matter

58
Q

Refers to the energy released by controlled nuclear reactions

A

Nuclear energy

59
Q

The splitting of a heavy nucleus to create smaller nucleus or lighter nuclei; the sum of the masses of nuclei fragments will be smaller than the original mass of the nucleus

A

Nuclear fission

60
Q

The innermost part of the atom; it is made up of protons and neutrons

A

Nucleus

61
Q

In the Bohr model of the atom, these are the paths of the electrons

A

Orbitals

62
Q

Tends to focus on the nonmetals, such as carbon and oxygen, and at times some of the alkali and alkaline earth metals

A

Organic chemistry

63
Q

The difference between the number of electrons associated with an atom in a compound and the number of electrons in an atom of the element; in ions, the oxidation state is the ionic charge; in a covalent compounds the oxidation state corresponds to the formal charge; elements are assumed to exist in the zero oxidation state

A

Oxidation State

64
Q

A table listing all known elements

A

Periodic table

65
Q

The patterns observed in the periodic table

A

Periodic trends

66
Q

The release of electrons that occurs when a metal in a vacuum is exposed to light

A

Photoelectric effect

67
Q

Solid state materials that absorb impinging photons (from sunlight or other light sources) to produce electric current

A

Photovoltaic or solar cells

68
Q

A special type of electromagnetic wave in which both the electric field and the magnetic field are perpendicular to the direction of propagation

A

Plane electromagnetic wave

69
Q

The plane of oscillation of an electric field

A

Polarization plane

70
Q

Energy divided by the time required for the energy transfer

A

Power

71
Q

A positively charged subatomic particle

A

Proton

72
Q

The property of a nucleus to spontaneously emit radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, or to spontaneously disintegrate into lighter “daughter” nuclei during fission radioactive decay

A

Radioactivity

73
Q

Heat can only be transferred from a hot object to a cooler object never in the other direction

A

Second law of thermodynamics

74
Q

Substances that are poor conductors of electric current

A

Semiconductors

75
Q

An early type of hydraulic turbine

A

Simple water wheel

76
Q

A reflection from a smooth surface

A

Speculate reflection

77
Q

The difference in the standard reduction potentials of the two solutions in a cell

A

Standard electrode potential

78
Q

A turbine which operates on high pressure steam that is fed into nozzles, where it is accelerated, and then this high-speed flow impacts upon turbine blades attached to a rotor; the rotor of the steam turbine is connected to an electric power generator, which generates electricity

A

Steam Turbine

79
Q

The measure of how fast atoms or molecules move within a body, be it solid, liquid, or gas

A

Temperature

80
Q

The higher the temperature, the larger the amplitude of the vibration of atoms or molecules around their equilibrium position, and the larger the piece of bulk, such as metal, becomes

A

Thermal expansion

81
Q

A branch of physics and an engineering science that connects heat, internal or thermal energy, and mechanical energy

A

Thermodynamics

82
Q

A unit of power (2)

A

Watts

83
Q

The theory that light behaves both as a particle and a wave

A

Wave particle duality

FMHS AcDec 2014 (19 decks)

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