Overview Of The Lower Extremity Flashcards
Extremity development initiation
Begins in 4 weeks (28 days)
Palms of hands touch as well as the sole of the feet
Upper extremity rotation during development
Upper extremity rotates laterally
Lower extremity rotation in development
Lower extremity rotates medially
Dermatomes in adults L1 L3,4 L4 S1 S1,2
L1-inguinal ligament L3,4- anterior knee L4- medial foot and big toe S1-lateral side of the foot S1,2- posterior side of the leg and the thigh
Plantar flexion
Movement of the sole of the foot inferiorly
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot superiorly
Inversion
Turn foot so soles face medially
Version
Turn foot so sole faces laterally
Bones of the pelvis (4)
2 innonimate bones, sacrum, coccyx
Innonimate bone components (3) and where they join
Ilium, ischium, pubis, and they join at the acetabulum
What is the midline between the two innonimate bones
The public symphysis
Bony landmarks of the pelvis
Sacroiliac joint
Anterior superior iliac spine- anterior projection for muscle attainment and is palpable
Anterior inferior iliac spine- muscle attachment
Obturator foramen- large opening surrounded ischium, pubis, covered by the obturator membrane for muscle attachment
Pecten pubis- raised ridge on the superior edge of pubis
Pubic tubercle- bump; attachment for the inguinal ligament
Ischial spine
Pointed process from posterior border of the ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Large bony prominence on posterior part of the ischium. THIS IS WHAT PEOPLE SIT ON and there is pressure from prolonged sitting
Greater sciatic notch
Indentation above the spine
Sacrospinous ligament
Extends from the ischial spine to the sacrum
Sacrotuberous ligament
Extends front he sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
Function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
They prevent the sacrum from rotating due to weight transmitted down the vertebral column
Fova capitis (femur)
Indentation of the head of the femur for ligament of head of femur
Greater trochanter (femur)
Located laterally below the neck and it forms the width of the hips
Lesser trochanter
Located medially below the neck
Intertrochanteric neck (femur)
Ridge connecting the trochanter on the anterior side
Intertrochanteric crest
Ridge connecting trochanter on the posterior side
Linea aspera
A large ridge on the length of the femur on the posterior side and is the site of insertion for many thigh muscles
Condyes- medial and lateral
Processes on distal end which articulates with the tibia
Epicondyles- medial and lateral
Two regions directly superior to the condyles
Adductor tubercle
A bump located superior to the medial epicondyle
Popliteal surface
Area related to posterior of knee
Patellar surface
Area related topatella on the anterior surface
Patella bone type and clinical correlate to lack of fusion
Sesamoid bone. Forms from several ossification centers and if they dont all fuse can look bipartate
Tibia bony landmarks
Medial and lateral condyle
Forms articulation with the femur
Tibia bony landmarks
Tuberosity
Bump on the anterior side which is the attachment for the patellar tendon
Intercondylar emminence
Elevation between the condyles
Solear line
Oblique ridge on back of tibia
Medial malleolus
Small proximal end TIBIA
Lateral malleolus
Larger distal end FIBULA
Talus
Articulates with the tibia and fibula(body) and below with the calcaneus and navicular(head)
Calcaneus
Articulates with he talus and the cuboid. Forms the heel bone
Navicular
Boat shaped, articulates with the talus proximally
Cuboid
Articulates with the calcaneus
Cuneiform bones
Named medial to lateral and articulate with the navicular proximally relative to themselves
Metatarsals
Head distal, base proximal and articulate with the cuneiform (1-3), and 4-5. With the cuboid
Phalanges
Bones of the toes
Great saphenous vein
Superficial vein tat courses on the whole medial side of the lower extremity. Starts at the DORSAL ARCH OF THE FOOT and extends anterior to the MEDIAL MALLEOLUS, up to the femoral vein at the saphenous opening
Perforating Veins
Connect superficial veins to deep veins and only allow flow SUPERFICIAL to DEEP
Varicose veins
(DEEP TO SUPERFICIAL=PATHOLOGY)Happens whenever the veins of the perforating veins become incompetent. Ultimately superficial veins become dialated and tortuous
Lymphatic Veins Horizontal Vertical Popliteal nodes Deep inguinal nodes
Horizontal group- located below the inguinal ligament-drain gluteal and posterior thigh
Vertical group- located along termination of great saphenous veins and drain lymph frommost of lower extremity
Popliteal nodes-post to knee and drain accompanying vessels to great saphenous vein
Deep inguinal nodes-located medial tot he femoral vein
Thrombophlebitis
Prolong inactivity can lead to the inflammation and formation of clots in veins of the lower extremity
