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Basic Haemotology (1204) > Overview Of Anaemia > Flashcards

Overview Of Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cellular elements of blood

A

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

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2
Q

Define
A. Plasma
B. Serum

A

Obtained from anti-coagulated blood

Liquid part of blood that is allowed to clot

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3
Q

Blood is collected in tubes that contain

A

Anticoagulants

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4
Q

What anticoagulant has :
Purple top
Blue top
Green top

A

EDTA
Trisodium Citrate
Heparin

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5
Q

What anticoagulant is associate with finding:
CBC
Test for Coagulation
Molecular studies, cytogenetics, lymphocyte count

A

EDTA
Trisodium Citrate
Heparin

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6
Q

True or False, WBC counts may be inaccurate issuing automated methods

A

True

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7
Q

What are the different functions of the blood

A

Deliver nutrients, oxygen and hormones to tissues (red cells)
Collect waste from cellular metabolism (WBC’s)
Deliver cells to tissues for protection against the external environment (WBC’s)
To prevent leakage by closing holes in blood vessels (platelets and clotting factors)

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8
Q

What are the fluid elements of blood

A 
Plasma 
Serum
Water 
Electrolytes 
Proteins (clotting factors, antibodies, transport proteins)
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9
Q

What anticoagulant is used to find CBC

A

EDTA- Purple top

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10
Q

What anticoagulant is used to test for coagulation

A

Trisodium Citrate- Blue top

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11
Q

What anticoagulant is used in molecular studies, Cytogenetics, lymphocyte count

A

Heparin- green top

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12
Q

Why are WBC inaccurate using automated methods

A

Aggregated cells
Nucleated red cells
Incomplete lysis of cells
WBC Agglutination

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13
Q

What method and prcedure is used in finding the morphology of blood cells

A

Fingerstick method
Smeared on glass side
Stained using Wright or May- Grunwald- Giemsa Stain
Smear is then examined at 10x to 20x

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14
Q

Smear is first _____ before going on to higher power for WBC Differentials

A

Scanned

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15
Q

What should RBCs be accessed for

A

size, shape, haemoglobin distribution

Presence of Inclusion

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16
Q

What term is used to describe a variation in size

A

Anisocytosis

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17
Q

What term is used to describe a variation on shape

A

Poikilocytosis

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18
Q

What term is used to describe a poor haemoglobinisation

A

Hypochromia (Low MCH)

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19
Q

What term is used to describe a lack of central area of pallor

A

Sphrenocytes

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20
Q

What term is used to describe cells that are larger than normal

A

Macrocytes (High MCV)

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21
Q

What term is used to describe cells that are smaller than normal

A

Microcytes (Low MCV)

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22
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Anaemia of chronic disease
Heterozygous thalassemia

A

Normal RDW and Low MCV

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23
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Iron Deficiency and S-thalassemia

A

Elevated RDW and Low MCV

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24
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Aplastic Anaemia, Liver Disease, Chemotherapy

A

Normal RDW and High MCV

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25
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Folate/B12 deficiency , Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

Elevated RDW and High MCV

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26
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Anaemia of chronic disease and Acute blood loss or haemolysis

A

Normal RDW

Normal MCV

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27
Q

What are the RDW and MCV characteristics of Early iron, B12, folate deficiency, Chronic liver disease, Sickle cell disease

A

Elevated RDW and Normal MCV

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28
Q

How many white blood cells should be assessed for manual differential Count

A

100

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29
Q

What cells are included in an immature WBC

A

Bands, Metamyelocytes, Myelocytes, Promyelocytes, blases

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30
Q

What is prepared from bone marrow aspirate

A

Cytology

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31
Q

What is accessed from the bone marrow biopsy

A

Cellularity and infiltration

32
Q

What are the sites for bone marrow evaluation in children

A

Anterio-medial tibia

33
Q

What are the sites for bone marrow evaluation in adults

A

Sternum

Anterior and Posterior Iliac Crest

34
Q

What is used to stain the bone marrow for a biopsy

A

Haematoxylin and eosin

35
Q

What is ESR

A

Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate

36
Q

What does the ESR reflect

A

The tendency of blood to settle more rapidly in some disease states

37
Q

An increase in the rate of ESR represents an increase in what proteins

A

Fibrinogen, Immunoglobin and other acute phase proteins

38
Q

Red cell _______ and ________ May also affect rate of fall of ESR

A

Shape and numbers

39
Q

True or false, ESR increases in rate in normal humans

A

True

40
Q

Name a disease that ESR is useful I. Follow the course

A

R.A Hodgkins

41
Q

What method is ESR measured ?

A

Westergren or Wintrobe Method

42
Q

What are the units of measuring for ESR

A

Mm/hr

43
Q

What is used in the clinical practice to diagnose if a person has Anaemia

A

Reduction in haemoglobin

Reduction in red cell count

44
Q 
What is the normal red cell count in:
Men
Women
Infants (full term, cord blood)
Children ( 1 year)
Children (10-12)
A
  1. 5 +/- 1 x 10^12 l
  2. 8 +/- 1 x 10^12 l
  3. 0 +/- 1 x 10^12 l
  4. 4 +/- 0.8 x 10^12 l
  5. 7 +/- 0.7 x 10^12 l
45
Q 
What is the normal Haemoglobin level in :
Men
Women
Infants (full term, cord blood)
Children ( 1 year)
Children (10-12)
A 
15.5 +/- 2.5 g/dl 
14 +/- 2.5 g/dl 
16.5 +/- 3 g/dl 
12 +/- 1 g/dl 
13 +/- 1.5 g/dl
46
Q 
What is the normal  Packed cell Volume (PCV : haematocrit) in :
Men
Women
Infants (full term, cord blood)
Children ( 3 months)
Children (10-12)
A
  1. 47 +/- 0.07 (l/l)
  2. 42 +/- 0.05 (l/l)
  3. 54 +/- 0.10 (l/l)
  4. 38 +/- 0.06 (l/l)
  5. 41 +/- 0.04 (l/l)
47
Q

What are the two main classifications of Anaemia

A

Pathogenic and aetiological classifications - based on the cause of Anaemia
Morphological classification- based on the characteristics of the red cell

48
Q

Clinical investigation of a patient with Anaemia involves which two distinct steps

A

Determination of the morphological type of Anaemia

Determination of the cause of the Anaemia

49
Q

What are the two aetiological classifications of Anaemia

A

Hypo- regenerative

Hyper-regenerative

50
Q

What is Hypo- regenerative Anaemia was

A

Failure of the bone marrow production of red cells

51
Q

What is hyper regenerative Anaemia

A

Increase in red cell destruction or consumption with a concomitant increase in red cell production

52
Q

Each day, approximately _______ of the red cell pool needs to be replaced by young erythrocytes released from the bone marrow

A

0.8%

53
Q

Differentiate between the mature red cells and and reticulocytes

A

Retuculocytes are larger and contain polyribosomal RNA material

54
Q

What type of stains of the peripheral blood are used to detect the reticulate cells

A

Supravital stains

55
Q

Reticulocyte provides an easy means in differentiating if the _______ or _______ as the source of Anaemia

A

Marrow or periphery

56
Q

Anaemia + Low Reticulocyte count indicates what type of Anaemia

A

Hypo regenerative Anaemia

57
Q

Anaemia + High Reticulocyte count indicates what type of Anaemia

A

Hyper regenerative Anaemia

58
Q

What is the normal Reticulocyte % in :
Adults and children
Infants (full term,cord blood)

A

0-2-2%

2-6%

59
Q

What is the major factor controlling the rate of red cell production

A

Oxygen content of the arterial blood

60
Q

True or false , reticulocytes released under heavy erythropoietin stimulation remain in the peripheral blood longer than the usual one day maturation time of ‘no stress reticulocytes’

A

True

61
Q

The Reticulocyte index checks for

A

Prolonged maturation time of the reticulocytes

The anaemia

62
Q

What is the equation for finding the Reticulocyte index

A

Reticulocyte count % / maturation time (days)
X
Patient PCV / Normal PCV

63
Q

What does it mean If the RI is
<2
>3

A

Hypo regenerative Anaemia

Hyper regenerative Anaemia

64
Q

True or false, if the normal pallor is greater than a third of the diameter of the cell, it is macrocytic

A

False, it is hypochromic

65
Q

The size and staining characteristics of the cell maybe measured by

A

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
Mean corpuscular volume
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

66
Q

What is the MCV (fl) equation

A

PCV x 1000/ RCC (10^12/l)

SI unit fl

67
Q

What is the MCH (pg) equation

A 
Haemoglobin (g/dL) x 10 / RCC (10^12/l)
SI unit (pg)
68
Q

What is the MCHC equation

A 
Haemoglobin (g/dL) / PCV (l/l)
SI unit (g/dL)
69
Q 
What is the normal MCV in 
Adults 
Infants (full term, cord blood)
Children (1 year)
Children (10-12 years)
A

85 +/- 8fl
106 fl
78 ± 8 fl
84 ± 7 fl

70
Q

What is the normal MCH in adults

A

29.5 ± 2.5 pg

71
Q

What is the normal Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in adults and children

A

33 ± 2 g/dl

72
Q

True or false, Children and young adults can tolerate a much greater degree of chronic anaemia than older patients due to cardiovascular compromise with advancing age.

A

true

73
Q

True or false, Symptoms occur at a higher haemoglobin level with rapidly developing anaemia e.g.
acute haemorrhage, than in a slowly developing chronic anaemia.

A

True

74
Q

Describe the pallor in patients with
hemolytic anaemia
pernicious anaemia.
acute blood loss

A

Pallor + icterus
Lemon yellow pallor
Waxy dead whiteness + cold and moist palms

75
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen when its saturation is 50%

A

27 mmHg

76
Q

True or false, an increase in 2,3 DPG decreases the affinity of haemogloblin for oxgen and shifts curve to the right

A

true

Basic Haemotology (1204) (16 decks)

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