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AUDE 5160 - Anatomy > Outer Ear Review > Flashcards

Outer Ear Review Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the temporal bone?

A

mastoid portion, tympanic area, squamous portion, petrous portion

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2
Q

What is the organization of the somatotopic mapping of the body on the S1 and M1 areas

A

Head closest to the temporal lobe, arms, legs dipping into the longitudinal sulcus

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3
Q

CN VIII and CN VII enter or exit the brainstem at the

A

cerebellopontine angle

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4
Q

Parts of a cell and what they do:

A

soma (cell body containing the nucleus), dendrites (provide more area for neuron reception, branch like), axon (long cable, where impulses from the nerve travel away to be received by other neurons)

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5
Q

What nerves and artery course through the internal auditory canal?

A

CN VII facial nerve, CN VIII (cochlear division), SVN, IVN, Labyrinthine artery

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6
Q

Function of sodium-potassium pump for muscles and neurons

A

Helps to maintain equilibrium and membrane potential in cells
Maintains the gradient of a higher concentration of sodium extracellularly and a higher level of potassium intracellularly
for every 3 sodium pumped out, one potassium is pumped in

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7
Q

outer ear skin’s protective mechanisms:

A

maintains the environment in the canal and minimizes chances of infection

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8
Q

narrowest portion of the canal is the __

A

isthmus (6mm from the TM)

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9
Q

cerumen properties

A

water repelling, lubricates, antimicrobial, protects TM

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10
Q

what amount (in dB) does the ear canal resonate at?
(take into consideration the outer ear structures…)

A

17 dB!!! (2700 hz)

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11
Q

sound pressure gain

A

External ear is a passive amplifier that increases the high frequency SPL at the TM

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12
Q

since average length of canal is 2.5 cm, what is the resonance of the EAC? (excluding the effects of the concha/pinna)

A

about 3500 Hz

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13
Q

what does the concha do as an “end correction” of the resonant tube? What happens when the ear canal and pinna are combined?

A

lowers the frequencies to a peak around 2700 Hz and a peak at 5000 Hz

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14
Q

what do the bends in the canal do?

A

reduce occlusion effects (ex: deeper hearing aids make less sound waves –> our own voices sound louder

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15
Q

roof of ME

A

tegman tympani

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16
Q

floor of ME

A

jugular wall

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17
Q

medial wall of ME

A

labyrinthine wall (prominatory)

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18
Q

anterior wall of ME

A

carotid wall

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19
Q

3 divisions of the ear

A

outer, middle, inner

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20
Q

the outer ear includes:

A

pinna & ear canal

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21
Q

is the skin of your outer ear the same as other skin on our body?

A

yes

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22
Q

14 terms of the pinna:

A

helix, crus of helix, concha (cavum and cymba), triangular fossa, antihelix, crura of antihelix, darwin’s tubercle, scaphoid fossa, tragus, intertragal notch, antitragus, lobule

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23
Q

average length of the canal:

A

2.5 cm

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24
Q

cranial nerve innervation of the outer ear:

A

V VII & X (trigeminal, facial, vagus

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25
Q

how many turns does the canal have?

A

2.5

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26
Q

name of fissures in the cartilage of the canal:

A

fissures of santorini

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27
Q

what type of glands are in the external canal?

A

ceruminous (modified apocrine sweat gland, also sebacious)

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28
Q

which side of the canal runs longer than the other?

A

the floor is longer than the roof (due to obliqueness of the TM)

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29
Q

how do the hairs in the canal protect it?

A

point outward to act as a filter for incoming objects

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30
Q

3 neuro-reflexes

A

vagus, trigeminal, lymphatic

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31
Q

what is the vagus reflex?

A

causes coughing, gagging, eye watering

32
Q

What is the trigeminal reflex?

A

“red reflex” causes thickening of the TM and vascularization (hearing aid wearing, otoscopy, otoblocks, etc)

33
Q

another name for Vagus reflex

A

Arnold’s reflex

34
Q

What is the lymphatic reflex?

A

slow reflex that is doe to over-wearing of aids, or an allergic reaction that causes swollen lymph and soreness around canal

35
Q

more medial canal hairs lie ___ ; more lateral canal hairs lie __

A

flat, oblique

36
Q

a sexual characteristic in males causes hairs over the tragus to become _____

A

thicker and longer

37
Q

2 types of glands found in the outer ear

A

sebaceous (oil) and ceruminous (apocrine/sweat)

38
Q

self cleaning ear canal function is called?

A

epithelial migration

39
Q

2 patterns of epithelial migration:

A

radial (center of TM outward), and horizontal (laterally along the canal

40
Q

how much does the external ear amplify sound pressure?

A

10 dB (resonant peak at 5,000 Hz)

41
Q

inverse square law

A

from the sound source, as sound moves outward, it spreads out the distance it is covering and it loses intensity over that space
energy twice as far from the source is spread over four times the area, hence ¼ the intensity

42
Q

tympanic membrane components:

A

pars flaccida, pars tensa, manubrium of the malleus, umbo, cone of light, tympanic annulus, notch of rivinus, anterior + posterior malleolar folds

43
Q

quadrants of the TM

A

anterior superior, anterior inferior, posterior superior, posterior inferior

44
Q

which quadrant has the cone of light?

A

anterior inferior

45
Q

a right ear has the malleus at what degree?

A

1pm

46
Q

the TM has how many layers? describe them

A

4 layers!
1. epithelial
2. radial fibrocartilaginous
3. concentric fibrocartilaginous
4. mucous membrane

47
Q

What nerve supplies the helix, antihelix and lobule

A

greater auricular nerve (C2 C3) (Blue on image)

48
Q

What nerve supplies concavity of concha and floor of EC?

A

auricular branch of vegas (CX) (purple on image)

49
Q

What nerve supplies Tragus, Crus of the helix & adjacent part of helix?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3) (green on image)

50
Q

What nerve supplies Auricle in depression of the concha and over its eminence?

A

facial nerve (C7) (Yellow on image)

51
Q

What is outer half of external auditory canal made of?

A

supported by cartilage thin skin with dermal papillae

52
Q

What nerves innovate EAM?

A

CN V, CN VII and CN X

53
Q

What are the neural innervations for Vagus Reflux

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Arnold’s branch of vagus
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal

54
Q

What nerve supplies upper part of cranial surface?

A

lesser occipital nerve (C2, C3) (orange in image)

55
Q

What are the neural innervations for Lymphatic reflex

A

Facial nerve
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Hair follicles

56
Q

What are the neural innervations for Trigeminal reflex

A

Pacinian and Meissner’s corpuscles
Facial sensory and motor neurons

57
Q

Describe the External Ear canal

A

2.5 cm length
oval or elliptical shape
S-shape with 1st bend and 2nd bend
cartilaginous outer ~1/2 and boney medial ~1/2, floor
inferior wall is longer than ceiling/superior wall due to slant of TM

58
Q

Why is the fissure of santorini a concern?

A

provide a potential path for infection or neoplasm to spread between the parotid gland and the external ear canal.

59
Q

What contributes to the protective function of the ear canal?

A

it’s anatomy (s shape)
arrangement of the hairs (slanted laterally)
cerumen

60
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic vascularization at TM when pressure applied in outer 1/3 of canal

A

trigeminal reflex

61
Q

Sympathetic motor reflex caused by light touch upon the superior-inferior and anterior meatal wall

A

cause of vegas reflex

62
Q

May appear to be due to allergies

A

lymphatic reflex

63
Q

Evidenced by swelling of tissues and soreness while wearing a custom fitted earmold or hearing aid

A

lymphatic reflex

64
Q

A slow reflex which may result from over-wearing of hearing aids during adaptation period

A

lymphatic reflex

65
Q

Can cause excessive vascularization and thickening of the TM during otoscopy, otoblock insertion, and during hearing aid wearing

A

trigeminal reflex

66
Q

Sometimes called the “red reflex”

A

trigeminal reflex

67
Q

Also known as Arnold’s reflex or the ear-cough reflex.

A

vagus reflex

68
Q

This reflex is evidenced by coughing, gagging, and/or watering of the eyes

A

vagus reflex

69
Q

This reflex may be evoked during insertion of an otoblock used in making earmold impressions, cerumen removal, and rarely, with hearing aid use

A

vagus reflex

70
Q

What is the auditory function of the outer ear?

A

sound pressure gain

71
Q

What acts as a cavity resonator?

A

concha

72
Q

What does cerumen contain?

A

lipids, proteins, free amino acids, and mineral ions

73
Q

What is resonant frequency based on?

A

tube length

74
Q

What is the average gain and resonant peak at TM due to concha? Why are the effects of the concha important?

A

Important in increasing high-frequency SPL at the TM with an average gain of 10 dB and a resonant peak at 4500 – 5000 Hz
acts as a cavity resonator

75
Q

what is the resonant frequency for an average ear canal?

A

3500 Hz

76
Q

The concha resonance blends with the EAM resonance, producing what?

A

composite curve with two peaks one at 2700 and another at 5000

AUDE 5160 - Anatomy (16 decks)

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