Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AUDE 5160 - Anatomy > Middle Ear Review > Flashcards

Middle Ear Review Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the eustachian tube drain to?

A

posterior aspect of Inferior turbinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

muscles that help open and close the eustachian tube

A

tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus, and tensor tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in an airplane, our ET will ___

A

suction the nasopharynx secretions into the ME space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when scuba diving or experiencing negative ME pressure, our ET will __

A

lock and collect fluids in the ME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

term for an abnormal ET that doesn’t close?

A

patulous (causes feelings of fullness and resounding voice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

total amount of amplification (in dB) from impedance matching?

A

33-34 dB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how to measure the MEMR?

A

immitance testing (decays, tymps, reflexes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the MEMR requires 3 things to happen:

A
  1. normal ME mechanics and normal TM movement
  2. a loud sound (75-85 dB)
  3. neural synchrony and a good reflex arc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the opening to the mastoid antrum called?

A

mastoid aditus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 sections of middle ear

A

epitympani, mesotympani, hypotympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 portions of the eustachian tube:

A

2 portions of the eustachian tube:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

narrowest portion of the eustachian tube:

A

isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bony portion of the eustachian tube

A

widest at tympanic end, always open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when does the fibrocartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube open?

A

swallowing, yawning, forceful inflation (normally at rest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the ET in kids is _____

A

half the size of the adult, more horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

at the nasopharynx opening, what lines the ET?

A

respiratory epithelium (it’s a mucous membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functions of the ET

A

ventilate, drain, and protect the middle ear space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is the ET closed most of the time?

A

to protect the ME from sudden loud sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can we release the “lock” of the ET?

A

valsalva maneuver (plug nose and blow), or politzerization (balloon release)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the 3 ME ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parts of the malleus

A

articulatory facet for incus, head, neck, lateral and anterior processes, manubrium, umbo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

parts of the incus

A

short crus, body, long crus, lenticular process, facet for malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

parts of the stapes

A

head, neck, anterior crus, posterior crus, footplate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ligaments of the malleus

A

anterior mallear, lateral mallear, superior mallear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ligaments of the incus

A

superior incudal, posterior incudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ligaments of the stapes

A

stapedius annular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tendons of the middle ear ossicles

A

tensor tympani
stapedius muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

nerve in the ME space

A

chorda tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

3 impedance matching mechanisms

A

area ratio, lever action, buckling effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

biggest contributor to impedance matching

A

area difference between TM and stapes footplate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are two or 3 functions of ET?

A

pressure air equalization
fluid drainage
protection from sounds and fluids getting into it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens if we don’t have impedance matching?

A

99% of the energy would bounce back out!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the primary reason for the acoustic reflex?

A

to protect us from our own voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the MEMR happens in ______ ear(s)

A

both, simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the stapedius muscle is innervated by the _____

A

cn vii (facial nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which cranial nerve provides the main motor input for the the acoustic reflex (also referred to as the stapedial reflex)?

A

CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cranial nerve VI is called the

A

the abducens

38
Q

What factor provides the largest contribution the the impedance matching function served by the the middle ear so that sound energy can be converted from acoustic waves to mechanical vibration and then hydraulic/fluid movement in the cochlear without the loss of most of the sound energy?

A

area size difference

39
Q

What is the location of the primary motor cortex (M1) on the cerebrum?

A

precentral gyrus

40
Q

What structure/s are located in the hypotympanum?

A

Opening of the Eustachian tube in the middle ear

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Eustachian tube?
ventilation of the middle ear
drainage of middle ear secretions
protection from excessive nasopharyngeal sounds and secretions
To remain open at all times to improve auditory resonances

A

remaining open at all times

42
Q

What are the acoustic reflex 4 neuron reflex arc?

A

CN VIII to the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus, then to the medial superior olive, then to the facial motor nucleus, then down CN VII to the stapedius muscle

43
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in muscle neurons?

A

Acetecholine

44
Q

Posterior wall

A

mastoid wall

45
Q

Short ipsilateral pathway

A

sound –> (CN VIII) cochlea –> anteroventral cochlear nuclei –> facial motor nerve –> (CN VII) stapedius

46
Q

Long Ipsilateral pathway

A

sound –> (CN VIII) cochlea –> anteroventral cochlear nuclei –> medial superior olive –> facial motor nerve –> (CN VII) stapedius

47
Q

short contralateral pathway

A

cochlea –> (CN VIII) anteroventral cochlear nuclei –> CROSS MIDLINE –> medial superior olive –> facial motor nerve –> (CN VII) stapedius

48
Q

Long contralateral pathway

A

cochlea –> anteroventral cochlear nuclei –> medial superior olive –> CROSS MIDLINE –> facial motor nerve –> stapedius

49
Q

dB boost from area difference of IMM

A

25-26 dB gain

50
Q

dB boost from lever action of IMM

A

2 dB gain

51
Q

dB boost from TM buckling

A

about 6 dB gain

52
Q

How do we get mastoiditis?

A

middle ear gets infected, aditus opens into the mastoid creating a route to get through that inlet to the mastoid antrum back where air cell pockets are of the mastoid - this area is prone to getting infected

53
Q

Epitympanum includes:

A

top of ossicles and aditus to mastoid antrum

54
Q

mesotympanum includes:

A

promontory

55
Q

Hypotympanum includes:

A

jugular and ET

56
Q

Explain the ET of adults

A

about 36 mm and directed downward forward and medially from the middle ear

57
Q

Where is ET narrowest and widest?

A

ET is widest at tympanic end and passes through squamous and petrous portion of temporal bone
narrows closer to isthmus

58
Q

How long is ET in infants?

A

18 mm

59
Q

Where in ET and what type of tissue is lining middle ear?

A

mucous membranes (natural to have fluid here due to this)
At its nasopharyngeal opening, the eustachian tube is lined by respiratory epithelium

60
Q

What are the two portions of ET?

A

lateral third bony portion (12mm) arising from anterior wall of tympanic cavity
medial two thirds (24mm) fibrocartilagenous portion entering nasopharynx

61
Q

Why do infants get more ear infections?

A

shorter passageway, horizontal feature and lack of gravity helping to drain

62
Q

What are the physiologic functions of the eustachian tube?

A

Ventilation of the middle ear,
drainage of middle ear secretions, and
protection from excessive nasopharyngeal sounds and secretions

63
Q

What muscle opens the ET when yawning or swallowing?

A

tensor veli palatini

64
Q

What else contributes to otitis media in children?

A

repeated upper respiratory tract infections
enlarged adenoids

65
Q

ET function is impaired by the presence of ______

A

cleft palate

66
Q

Maintained middle ear pressure? (+ and -)

A

+50 -50

67
Q

the mucous membrane takes in what to do work?

A

air (1 mL absorbed in 24 hrs)

68
Q

What works as a gas reservoir for the middle ear?

A

mastoid cell system

69
Q

How does the ET protect when closed at rest?

A

Sudden loud sounds do not reach the middle ear through the nasopharynx and thus do not cause tympanic membrane perforation

70
Q

How does the ET drain normal secretions?

A

by the mucociliary transport system and by repeated active tubal opening and closing, which allows secretions to drain into the nasopharynx

71
Q

What can cause Otorrhea

A

An abnormlaity in the closed middle ear system, such as tympanic membrane perforation or after mastoid surgery, sometimes results in reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions into the tube

72
Q

What creates high middle ear pressure, which leads to suction of nasopharyngeal secretions into the middle ear?

A

diving or ascending in airplane or forceful nose blowing

73
Q

What type of pressure causes locking of the ET?

A

negative pressure (diving, flying etc.)

74
Q

How can we unlock or resolve neg. pressure in middle ear?

A

Inflation of the eustachian tube by Valsalva maneuver or by politzerization breaks the negative pressure in the middle ear and clears the effusion.

75
Q

Patulous ET

A

When the ET is abnormally patent (open), and the patient’s own voice resounds into his or her ear (occlusion effect) with a feeling of fullness in the ear.

76
Q

What type of energy is air in outer ear?

A

Acoustic

77
Q

What type of energy is transformed by the TM?

A

mechanical

78
Q

What type of energy does stapes footplate push into in oval window?

A

hydromechanical

79
Q

Why do we want the ability to tighten the muscles in our middle ear?

A

protecting from loud sounds by muffeling (not from loud instantaneous sounds; pulls after the loud noise has already happened)
create our vocalizations when we talk, sneeze, laugh, etc coming from trachea and is around 100 db in our head; before we start to vocalize it tightens our muscles and ossicles so we don’t overbear ourselves and blow our own ears out (protect from own localizations)
attenuating lower frequencies (attenuate back ground noise so we can hear speech sounds for speech in background noise)

80
Q

How much gain increase do we see from middle ear IMM?

A

33-34 dB

81
Q

Are the MEMR concomitant?

A

yes they happen at the same time

82
Q

Does MEMR need conscious cortical thought to react?

A

no, mediated at the brainstem level (subcortical)

83
Q

What are the 3 pre-existing requirements MEMR needs?

A

Normal middle ear mechanics
A “loud sound” ….75-85 dB SPL
An intact reflex arc and GOOD NEURAL SYNCHRONY (sodium potassium movement in cells in nerve fibers)

84
Q

Which innervation Enters at the cerebellopontine angle on brainstem of the reflex arc?

A

cochlear nucleus

85
Q

why do we have 2 ears with 2 systems?

A

brainstem and brain compare sounds from L and R ears to:
helps localize, hear in noise
what’s happening on both sides of the head so we know where we are in space

86
Q

When discussing anatomic location, peripheral refers to what and central refers to what?

A

peripheral: away from midline, outside of bony protection of meninges
central: towards midline, inside CNS cranial vault and vertebral column

87
Q

Is CN VII in the CNS?

A

No it is PNS because it is at the brainstem and outside of CNS

88
Q

Are the cochlear and vestibular nucleus in the CNS?

A

yes

89
Q

Describe the MEMR.

A

primary muscle is stapedius
protects from loud exposure by tightening ossicles, reduces low pitches to hear in noise, protects from own localizations

90
Q
A

AUDE 5160 - Anatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions