Exam 1 Flashcards
Where does the 8th cervical spinal nerve exit the vertebral column?
Under the cervical 7 vertebra and above the thoracic 1 vertebra
Cranial nerves VII and VIII enter/exit the brainstem at the
Pontomedullary junction (also called the cerebellopontine angle)
Which answer below accurately lists the structures that make up the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
Which type of axonal transport carries matrix proteins and subcellular organelles from the soma to the terminal boutons of an axon?
Slow anterograde axoplasmic flow
Which two extrensic eye muscles are NOT innervated by CN III?
superior oblique and lateral rectus
Where is the insula located?
Behind the lateral fissure and it is covered by the overlying opercula of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
Which fissure separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes ?
Lateral fissure (also called the Sylvian fissure or sulcus)
What organelles in the cell are the site where protein synthesis occurs?
On the free and bound ribosomes
The peripheral nervous system consists of…
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system
The spinal cord is _______________ to the brainstem.
inferior
What cellular organelles provides the energy or power for a cell to function?
mitochondria
Which statement below best describes the sodium-potassium pump?
The main function of the pump is to maintain the resting potential by actively moving sodium out of the cell and potassium back in to restore the proper balance.
The 4 types of tissues in the human body are categorized as epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?
Mesothelium
towards the top or upper portion
superior
toward the belly
ventral
toward the back or backbone
dorsal
toward the tail
caudal
away from the point of attachment
distal
Which of the following is rich in blood supply and forms red and white blood cells?
red blood cells
List four specific structures that course through the internal auditory canal:
CN VII facial, CN VIII Cochlear division, SVN, IVN, labyrinthine artery
List the three meningeal layers and state their location in relation to the skull and the brain tissue
PAD
Pia mater is closest to the brain tissue and dips into the sulci and fissures.
Arachnoid mater is above the pia (in the middle of the PAD) and has a subarachnoid space below it with cerebrospinal fluid.
Dura mater is the thick leathery covering that is the outer most meningeal layer. It is closest to the bone of the skull.
Which description is most accurate with regards to the somatotopic mapping of the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex?
The homunculus (representation of the body) has the head near the lateral fissure, the arm in the middle of the strip and the leg most superiorly with the leg dipping into the longitudinal fissure
What is the name of the lower leg muscle that attaches to the Achilles tendon, and causes pointing of the foot (as in standing on your toes) when contracted?
Gastrocnemius
What is the location of the primary motor cortex (M1) on the cerebrum?
On the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
List the names of the four main portions of the temporal bone (not the styloid or zygomatic processes)
squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic area
In anatomical position, the thumb and the radius bone are located _______________________ to the ulna and pinky/little finger.
lateral
Pertaining to the armpit
axillary
Pertaining to the cheek
buccal
Back of the hand and top of the foot
dorsum
Pertaining to the abdomen
peritoneal
Pertaining to the forearm from the elbow to the finger tips
cubital
Pertaining to the neck
cervical
Which region of the human skeleton refers to the central core, including the skull, sternum, vertebrae and ribs?
axial skeleton
Pertaining to the ear
oto
Pertaining to the ear
nephro
Pertaining to muscle
my/o
Pertaining to extremities/appendages
acr/o
Absence of or without
a/an
Pertaining to bone
oste/o
Tumor
-oma
Inflammation or infection
-itis
pain
-algia
Pertaining to the nose
rhin/o
Chondr/o
cartilage
What portion of a neuron usually has increased surface area (spikes or protrusions) to receive information to be carried to the soma?
dendrites
Which terms refer to bones of the foot and toes?
Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
What type of joints are the shoulder joint and the hip joints?
ball and socket
In the rib cage, which ribs do not directly attach to the sternum, and either attach to the other ribs via the costal cartilage or do not connect at the front of the rib cage at all?
false ribs (8-12)
Bones are connected to bones to form joints by what type of structures?
ligaments
What is the neurotransmitter for the neuromuscular junction?
acytecholine
involuntary muscle in the gastrointestinal tract and other visceral
smooth muscle
striated voluntary muscle for movements of the body
skeletal muscle
striated muscle controlled by the autonomic nervous system to make the heart pump
cardiac muscle
State the name of the two-headed arm muscle that is the main agonist for flexion at the elbow and list an antagonistic muscle and synergistic muscle or fixator. Be sure to answer all parts of the question.
The agonist causing the action = biceps
Antagonist = triceps
Then list either of the items below
Synergist = brachioradialis and brachialis
Fixator = rotator cuff muscles
Which term for muscles based on their actions means to bring a limb or structure toward midline?
adductors
The linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts are made up of what type of body tissue?
mucous membrane
Which organelles in cells act as scavengers and contain enzymes to break down complex molecules or even digest other organelles and the cell?
lysosomes
Approximately how long is the average adult ear canal?
2.5 cm
Based on the 5 important functions of cell membrane proteins, clearly describe 3 of the important functions of such proteins that are on or in the cell membranes? State the function along with a brief description.
Transmembrane ion channel
Carrier proteins
Receptor sites
Recognition sites
Proteins that act as enzymes
Which layer of the integumentary system is composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells on the surface and contains melanocytes to produce melanin?
epidermis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
To provide a covering and protective barrier against invaders such as bacteria
To produce and store vitamin A and C for the body
To protect the body from ultraviolet (UV) rays
To serve as site for numerous receptors to pick up environmental stimuli such as touch, vibration, temperature and more
To produce and store vitamin A and C for the body
At a neuromuscular junction, a muscle fiber dumps neurotransmitter into the synapse and the muscle fiber is stimulated. When ion channels on the nerve fiber open, what ions are going to rush in to depolarize the muscle?
Na+
What is a function of the pinna and the external ear canal?
Collect and funnel sound to the tympanic membrane.
or
Protect the ear because the S-curve shape, skin and wax help to keep the ear canal and tympanic membrane safe from objects, dirt, insects and infection.
A greenstick fracture is an incomplete break/fracture that is more common in young children because the bone can be bent and broken on the outer surface without causing a complete fracture.
true
Blood and CSF and waste products leave the venous sinuses and EXIT the skull via what vascular structures?
the jugular veins
