other with gem

Question 1

what do nitrates do

Answer 1

Nitrates are a group of drugs which have vasodilating effects. The main indications for their use is in the management of angina and the acute treatment of heart failure.

Question 2

branches of coeliac trunk

Answer 2

left gastric
hepatic
splenic

Question 3

what do the 3 troponin do

Answer 3

troponin C: binds to calcium ions
troponin T: binds to tropomyosin, forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex
troponin I: binds to actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place

Question 4

The internal jugular vein and carotid arteries are located in the anterior triangle.

where is the external jugular vein located - behind subclavian

Answer 4

posterior triangle

Question 5

A young man presents with acute onset palpitations and shortness of breath, his ECG shows tachycardia. Which of the following cardiac structures usually depolarises at the fastest rate?

Answer 5

SAN

Question 6

Vertebral arteries enter cranial cavity via

Answer 6

Foramen magnum

Question 7

Posterior auricular artery (stylomastoid branch) enter cranial cavity via

Answer 7

Stylomastoid foramen

Question 8

Accessory meningeal artery enter cranial cavity via

Answer 8

Foramen ovale

Question 9

Middle meningeal artery enter cranial cavity via

Answer 9

Foramen spinosum

Question 10

Supraorbital artery enter cranial cavity via

Answer 10

Supraorbital foramen

Question 11

Which of the following locations is it most likely for a traumatic aortic rupture to occur? like in a car

RTA, fall from a great height

Answer 11

Traumatic aortic rupture most commonly occur at aortic isthmus (proximal descending aorta distal to origin of left subclavian artery)

most die
Survivors may have an incomplete laceration at the ligamentum arteriosum of the aorta.

CXR changes
Widened mediastinum
Trachea/Oesophagus to right
Depression of left main stem bronchus
Widened paratracheal stripe/paraspinal interfaces
Space between aorta and pulmonary artery obliterated
Rib fracture/left haemothorax

need to undergo endovascualr repair

Question 12

A baby is premature, born at 30 weeks, putting her at higher risk for delayed ductus venosus closure. Which structures does the ductus venosus act as a communication between in the fetus?

Answer 12

iVc and umbilical vein

In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava, therefore allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta, to bypass the fetal liver. The ductus closes between day 3 and 7 usually (then known as the ligamentum venosum), but premature babies are at an increased risk of delayed closure.