Other Systems - Metabolic/Endocrine Pathology Flashcards
Addison’s Disease
Adrenal insufficiency dysfunction of adrenal cortex.
Resulting in decreased glucocorticoid (cortisol) - regulation of cardiovascular system
mineralcorticoid (aldosterone) hormones - regulation of fluids and electrolytes
Autoimmune response - ]atrophy, fibrosis, infiltration of lymphocytes in adrenal cortex. Stress due to infection, trauma, emotional stress
HYPERPIGMENTATION, VITILIGO, GI symptoms, syncope, weakness, fatiegue, myaglias.
Common between females 30-50 years olf
N/V and abdominal symptoms
ACTH test rapid, TSH test
Cushings
Abnormally high levels of CORTISOL due to endogenous overproduction or excessive exogenous use of corticosteroids
ACTH hormone overstimulates cortisol
Hallmark signs: weight gain, purple striae, ruddy complexion, moon face, buffalo hump,
Central obesity, muscle weakness, greater in individuals 25-40 years old
DM I
Persistent hyperlycemia, absent production of insulin. Destruction of BETA CELLS and islets of Langerhans
Starts young 4 years old, Peak incidence at 11-13
Signs: Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, nausea, weightloss, fatigue, blurred vision, dehydration
Fasting glucose > 126,g/dl
Sudden onset.
DM II
Inappropriate cellular response to insulin, prevents adequate absorption of blood glucose, excess glucose = persistent hyperglycemic state.
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
Hemoglobin A1C test
Random blood glucose > 200mg/dL
Gout
High uric acid
Break down of foods
Greater in males around great toe, knee, and ankle
Synovial biopsy
Graves Disease
Hyperactive Thyroid disorder - autoimmune attack on thyroid gland. High levels of Thyroxine T4 increase metabolic rate
Heat intolerance, increased appetite, increased sweating, frequent bowel movements, physical fatigue, inc sweating, tremor, weakness, weightloss,
confirmation of T3 and T4 blood work
PTs should watch interventions that exacerbate symptoms (CV stress/hot environment). Limited tolerance to activity
Hypoparathyroidism
Decreased bone resorption
Hypocalemia
Elevated serum phosphate levels
Shorted 4th and 5th metacarpals
Compromised breathing due to intercostal muscle and diaphragm spams
Cardiac arrhythmias and potential HF
Increased neuromuscular activity that can result in tetany
Hyperparathyroidism
Increased bone resorption
Hypercalcemia
Decreased Serum Phosphate levels
Osteitis fibrosa, subperiosteal resorption, bone deformity
Nephrocalcinosis, renal hypertension, renal damage
Gout
Decreased NM irritability
Hypopituitarism
Decreased secretion from anterior pituitary gland.
Rare disorder - Dwarfism, delayed growth and puberty, sexual reproductive disorder, diabetes insipidus
Orthostatic hypotension, bilateral hemianopsia
Hyperpituitarism
Excessive secretion of hormones.
Gigantism or acromegaly, amenorrhea, infertility, and impotence.
Hormone suppression
Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, osteophyte formation
Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms: nervousness, excessive sweating, weight loss, increase in BP, exophthalmos, myopathy, chronic periarthritis, enlarged thyroid gland
Tremors, hyperkinesis, nervousness, increased DTRs, emotional liability, insomnia, weakness, atrophy, i
tachycardia, palpitations, increased peristalsis, BP, polyuria, hypermetabolism
Hypothyroidism
Depression, anxiety, lethargy, ftigue,headache, slowed speech, slowed mental function, impaired short term memory, muscle weakness,
Dyspnea, bradycardia, CHF, angina, increase cholesterol, anorexia, constipation, weight gain, decreased absorption of food and glucose, infertility, irregular menstrual cycle, bleeding
Hypogonadism
Hypothalamus
males - deficiency of testosterone. testes done respond to FSH and LH produced in pituitary and hypothalamus
Females - deficiency of estrogen
