Other systems: Endocrine system

Question 1

Hypothalamus

Answer 1

Part if diencephalon - below thalamus and cerebral hemisphere

Regulation of ANS (body temp, sweating, thirst, sex, rage, fear. BP, sleep

Question 2

Pituitary Gland

Answer 2

Beneath the hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis (anterior) and Neurohypophysis (posterior)

influenced by seasonal factors, emotional stress

Secretes ENDORPHINS - reduce sensitivity to pain

Controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for testes and ovaries to create sex hormones

Question 3

Thyroid Gland

Answer 3

Anterior and lateral surfaces of trachea below larynx (bow tie/butterfly)

Produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine to control rate at which cells burn fuel for food

Question 4

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 4

4 found on posterior surface of lateral lobes

Parathyroid hormone: antagonist for calcitonin and maintenance for normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate

Secretion parathyroid stimulated by HYPOcalcemia and inhibited by HYPERcalcemia

normal clotting, neuromuscular excitability, and cell membrane permeability

Question 5

Adrenal Glands

Answer 5

on top of kidney

Adrenal cortex: corticosteroids to regulate water and sodium balance, response to stress, immune system, sexual development, function, metabolism

Adrenal medulla: produces epinephrine that increases HR and BP when there is stress

Question 6

Pancreas

Answer 6

Upper L quadrant duodenum to spleen

endocrine/exocrine tissues

Islets of langerhans - hormone producing cells

Alpha cells - produce glucagon

Beta cells - produce insulin

work to ensure normal glucose levels in the body

Question 7

Ovaries

Answer 7

Provide estrogen and testosterone

sex characteristics female

Question 8

Testes

Answer 8

Located in the scrotum between upper thighs, testosterone production in men

Question 9

hypothalamus hormones

Answer 9

GHRH, GHIH, Gonadotropin releasing hormone (increase luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone), Thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin hormone, prolactin releasing hormone, prolactin inhibitory factor, dopamine

Target PITUITARY GLAND

Question 10

Pituitary Gland hormones

Answer 10

GH, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, TSH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone

Question 11

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Answer 11

Androgen, Aldosterone, Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)

Question 12

Adrenal Medulla hormones

Answer 12

Epinephrine (inc HR and force of contraction), vasodilation of skeletal muscles

Question 13

Pancreas hormones

Answer 13

Glucagon (hypoglycemia) , Insulin (hyperglycemia)

Question 14

Parathyroid homrone

Answer 14

Parathormone (increase blood ca)

Question 15

Thyroid hormones

Answer 15

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

Increased with normal development, increase cellular metabolism

Calcitonin (increase calcium storage in bone, decreases blood calcium levels)

Question 16

What do excessive corticosteroids lead to?

Answer 16

Moon face and buffalo hump

Question 17

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 17

Low pH blow 7.35
Over production or inadequate excretion of H+ ions or excessive HCO3

Ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis

Kidneys play a factor in excessive HCO3+

Tachypnea - hyperventilation
- can also include tinnitus, vomiting, abdominal pain, general weakness, hyperventilation

Question 18

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 18

Elevated pH above 7.45

Renal dysfunction typically etiology

BRADYPNEA observed in patient

• can cause seizure, tetany, altered mental status or arrhythmia,
• hypokalemia (weakness, myalgia, polyuria)

Question 19

Mitochondrial Disorders

Answer 19

Inherited or DNA mutation spontaneous

Loss of muscle coordination, muscle weakness, visual/hearing problems, learning disability, heart, liver, kidney disease, GI dementia

Question 20

Osteomalacia

Answer 20

Bones become soft secondary to calcium or phosphorus deficiency. Insufficient calcifications

Calcium lost due to intestinal absorption and Vit D deficiency.

Vague ache, fatigue, weight loss. Myopathy and sensory polyneuropathy occur with tenderness and pain.

Treat with functional and phosphate/D supplements

Question 21

Osteoporosis

Answer 21

Rate of bone resorption accelerates while bone formation slows down; osteoclasts activity exceeds osteoblast activity. DECREASES BONE DENSITY.

Secondary = medication side effects
- Heparin, corticosteroid use
- Endocrine disorders
Women 50-60 years of age

Signs: Low thoracic or lumbar pain, compression fx, crush fractures with no trauma. Pain is acute and increases with WBing
- Kyphosis, Dowagers hump, decrease in height, and other postural changes

Question 22

Paget’s Disease

Answer 22

Heightened osteoclasts activity with bone lacking structural integrity. Bony appears to be enlarged but lacks strength due to high turnover of bone secondary to abnormal osteoclastic proliferation.

MSK pain with bony deformities (kyphosis, coxa varus, bowing of pelvis, femur, spine)

Symptoms: Mental Deterioration, pain, headache, vertigo, increased CO

Question 23

Phenylketonuria

Answer 23

PKU intellectual disability and behavioral/cognitive issues secondary to elevated serum phenylalanine (deficiency in enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase)

Inherited trait

Signs a few months of birth - gait disturbances, hyperactivity, psychoses, abnormal body odor, display features that are lighter in coloring

Dietary restrictions in lifetime as treatment

Question 24

Tay-Sachs Disease

Answer 24

Absence or deficiency of hexosaminidase (accumulation of gangliosides)

Autosomal recessive inherited train (jewish population)

At 6 months child begins to miss milestones. and will continue to miss milestones an deteriorate mental/motor. Being to die by the age of 5

Question 25

Wilson’s Disease

Answer 25

Autosomal recessive inherited trait - affects body ability to metabolize copper. Copper accumulates over time within the brain, liver, cornea, kidney and other tissues.

4-6 years old and have Kayser - Fleischer rings around iris of eye to copper deposits., hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver also occur.

Treatment B6 and D penicillamine to promote excretion of copper from the body.