Other systems: Endocrine system Flashcards
Hypothalamus
Part if diencephalon - below thalamus and cerebral hemisphere
Regulation of ANS (body temp, sweating, thirst, sex, rage, fear. BP, sleep
Pituitary Gland
Beneath the hypothalamus
Adenohypophysis (anterior) and Neurohypophysis (posterior)
influenced by seasonal factors, emotional stress
Secretes ENDORPHINS - reduce sensitivity to pain
Controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for testes and ovaries to create sex hormones
Thyroid Gland
Anterior and lateral surfaces of trachea below larynx (bow tie/butterfly)
Produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine to control rate at which cells burn fuel for food
Parathyroid Glands
4 found on posterior surface of lateral lobes
Parathyroid hormone: antagonist for calcitonin and maintenance for normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate
Secretion parathyroid stimulated by HYPOcalcemia and inhibited by HYPERcalcemia
normal clotting, neuromuscular excitability, and cell membrane permeability
Adrenal Glands
on top of kidney
Adrenal cortex: corticosteroids to regulate water and sodium balance, response to stress, immune system, sexual development, function, metabolism
Adrenal medulla: produces epinephrine that increases HR and BP when there is stress
Pancreas
Upper L quadrant duodenum to spleen
endocrine/exocrine tissues
Islets of langerhans - hormone producing cells
Alpha cells - produce glucagon
Beta cells - produce insulin
work to ensure normal glucose levels in the body
Ovaries
Provide estrogen and testosterone
sex characteristics female
Testes
Located in the scrotum between upper thighs, testosterone production in men
hypothalamus hormones
GHRH, GHIH, Gonadotropin releasing hormone (increase luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone), Thyrotropin releasing hormone, corticotropin hormone, prolactin releasing hormone, prolactin inhibitory factor, dopamine
Target PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary Gland hormones
GH, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, TSH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Androgen, Aldosterone, Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)
Adrenal Medulla hormones
Epinephrine (inc HR and force of contraction), vasodilation of skeletal muscles
Pancreas hormones
Glucagon (hypoglycemia) , Insulin (hyperglycemia)
Parathyroid homrone
Parathormone (increase blood ca)
Thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Increased with normal development, increase cellular metabolism
Calcitonin (increase calcium storage in bone, decreases blood calcium levels)
What do excessive corticosteroids lead to?
Moon face and buffalo hump
Metabolic acidosis
Low pH blow 7.35
Over production or inadequate excretion of H+ ions or excessive HCO3
Ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis
Kidneys play a factor in excessive HCO3+
Tachypnea - hyperventilation
- can also include tinnitus, vomiting, abdominal pain, general weakness, hyperventilation
Metabolic alkalosis
Elevated pH above 7.45
Renal dysfunction typically etiology
BRADYPNEA observed in patient
- can cause seizure, tetany, altered mental status or arrhythmia,
- hypokalemia (weakness, myalgia, polyuria)
Mitochondrial Disorders
Inherited or DNA mutation spontaneous
Loss of muscle coordination, muscle weakness, visual/hearing problems, learning disability, heart, liver, kidney disease, GI dementia
Osteomalacia
Bones become soft secondary to calcium or phosphorus deficiency. Insufficient calcifications
Calcium lost due to intestinal absorption and Vit D deficiency.
Vague ache, fatigue, weight loss. Myopathy and sensory polyneuropathy occur with tenderness and pain.
Treat with functional and phosphate/D supplements
Osteoporosis
Rate of bone resorption accelerates while bone formation slows down; osteoclasts activity exceeds osteoblast activity. DECREASES BONE DENSITY.
Secondary = medication side effects
- Heparin, corticosteroid use
- Endocrine disorders
Women 50-60 years of age
Signs: Low thoracic or lumbar pain, compression fx, crush fractures with no trauma. Pain is acute and increases with WBing
- Kyphosis, Dowagers hump, decrease in height, and other postural changes
Paget’s Disease
Heightened osteoclasts activity with bone lacking structural integrity. Bony appears to be enlarged but lacks strength due to high turnover of bone secondary to abnormal osteoclastic proliferation.
MSK pain with bony deformities (kyphosis, coxa varus, bowing of pelvis, femur, spine)
Symptoms: Mental Deterioration, pain, headache, vertigo, increased CO
Phenylketonuria
PKU intellectual disability and behavioral/cognitive issues secondary to elevated serum phenylalanine (deficiency in enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase)
Inherited trait
Signs a few months of birth - gait disturbances, hyperactivity, psychoses, abnormal body odor, display features that are lighter in coloring
Dietary restrictions in lifetime as treatment
Tay-Sachs Disease
Absence or deficiency of hexosaminidase (accumulation of gangliosides)
Autosomal recessive inherited train (jewish population)
At 6 months child begins to miss milestones. and will continue to miss milestones an deteriorate mental/motor. Being to die by the age of 5
Wilson’s Disease
Autosomal recessive inherited trait - affects body ability to metabolize copper. Copper accumulates over time within the brain, liver, cornea, kidney and other tissues.
4-6 years old and have Kayser - Fleischer rings around iris of eye to copper deposits., hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver also occur.
Treatment B6 and D penicillamine to promote excretion of copper from the body.
