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NPTE Study Flash Cards > Other Systems > Flashcards

Other Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A
  1. Protection
  2. Sensation
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Excretion of sweat
  5. Vitamin D Synthesis
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2
Q

Phases of Wound Healing

A
  1. Inflammatory Phase (1 to 10 days)
  2. Proliferative phase (3-21 days)
  3. Maturation Phase (7 days to 2 years)
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3
Q

Def: Inflammatory Phase

A
  • 1 to 10 days
  • initial response
  • mechanisms rapidly re-establish hemostasis by platelet activation and clotting cascade.
  • mast cells, neutrophils, and leukocytes kill bacteria and remove debris
  • clean wound bed. re-epithelialization begins.
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4
Q

Def: Proliferative Phase

A
  • 3 to 21 days
  • granulation tissue and capillary buds
  • keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts active.
  • collagen matrix is formed
  • skin integrity restored.
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5
Q

Def: Maturation Phase

A
  • 7 days to 2 years
  • granulation tissue and epithelial differentiation appear.
  • fiber reorganization shrink and thin the scar
  • ## strengthened by collagen lysis and synthesis.
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6
Q

How long will Hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic burns take to heal?

A

hypertrophic - up to 2 years to reach maturity

non-hypertrophic - 4 to 8 weeks

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7
Q

Def: Primary Intention

A
  • surgical incisions
  • lacerations
  • puncture
  • superficial and partial thickness wounds
  • wounds that can be stapled/sutured together
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8
Q

Def: Secondary Intention

A

wounds close on their own without superficial closure.

  • sig. tissue loss, necrosis, irregular margins, infection, debris.
  • require ongoing wound care, larger scars.
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9
Q

Def: Tertiary Intention

A
  • delayed primary intention healing.
  • left temporarily open
  • once risk factors alleviated, the wound is closed and heals the rest of the way by primary intention.
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10
Q

Def: abrasion

A

wound caused by combination of friction and shear forces, scraping away of skin’s superficial layers

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11
Q

Def: Avulsion

A

(degloving), tension causes skin to become detached from underlying structures.

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12
Q

Def: laceration

A

wound or irregular tear of tissues often associated with trauma.

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13
Q

Def: penetrating

A

wound that enters the interior of an organ or cavity.

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14
Q

Arterial Ulcer Characteristics

A
  • lower 1/3 of leg, toes, web spaces, dorsal foot, lat. malleolus
  • smooth edges, well defined, lack granulation, deep
  • minimal exudate
  • severe pain, diminished or absent pulse
  • normal edema
  • skin temp decreased, thin and shiny, hair loss, yellow nails, leg elevation increases pain.
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15
Q

Arterial Ulcer Tx Recomendation

A
  • rest
  • avoid leg elevation
  • avoid heat/soaking foot
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16
Q

Venous Insufficiency Ulcers Characteristics

A
  • proximal to medial malleolus
  • irregular shape, shallow
  • moderate/heavy exudate
  • mild/mod pain
  • normal pedal pulse
  • increased edema
  • skin is flaky, dry, brownish
  • leg elevation improves pain
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17
Q

Venous Insufficiency Ulcers Recommendations

A
  • limb protection
  • compression to control edema
  • legs above heart when sleeping
  • ## active exercise and ROM
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18
Q

Neuropathic Ulcer Characteristics

A
  • areas of foot susceptible to pressure/shear forces
  • well-defined oval or circle, callused rim, cracked, no necrosis with good granulation
  • low/mod exudate
  • no pain
  • pedal pulse diminished or absent
  • normal edema, decreased skin temp
  • dry, inelastic, shiny skin, decreased/absent sweat and oil production
  • loss of protection sensation (10 gm monofilament)
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19
Q

Wound Classification: Superficial

A
  • trauma to skin, epidermis remains intact.
  • ex: sunburn (no blistering)
  • heal as inflammatory process
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20
Q

Wound Classification: Partial-thickness

A
  • extends through epidermis, and into dermis.
    EX: abrasion, blister, skin tear.
  • heal by re-epithelialization/epidermal resurfacing
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21
Q

Wound Classification: Full-thickness

A
  • extends through dermis, into fat. any wound deeper than 4 mm
  • heal by secondary intention
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22
Q

Wound Classification: Subcutaneous

A
  • involve subcutaneous fat, muscle, tendon, or bone

- require secondary healing

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23
Q

Ulcer Grading (Wagner) - diabetic

A

Gr 0: no open lesion
Gr 1: superficial, no subcutaneous tissue
Gr 2: deep, through subcutaneous tissue
Gr 3: deep; osteitis, abscess, osteomyelitis
Gr 4: gangrene of digit
Gr 5: gangrene of foot requiring disarticulation

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24
Q

Pressure Ulcer Staging

A 
Stage 1: intact skin, non blanchable.
Stage 2: partial thickness
Stage 3: full thickness
Stage 4: subcutaneous, bone tendon muscle
Suspect Deep Tissue Injury: 
Unstageable
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25
Q

Def: Serous exudate

A
  • clear, light color
  • watery
  • normal
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26
Q

Def: Sanguineous exudate

A
  • red color
  • thin, watery
  • blood, can become brown if allowed to dehydrate
27
Q

Def: Serosanguinous exudate

A
  • light red/pink

- thin, watery consistency

28
Q

Def: Seropurulent exudate

A
  • cloudy/opaque
  • yellow or tan
  • thin, watery
  • early warning sign of impending infection
  • abdnormal
29
Q

Def: Purulent exudate

A
  • yellow/green
  • thick, viscous
  • wound infection/abnormal
30
Q

Dressing: Hydrocolloids

A
  • gel-forming polymers
  • anchors to intact surrounding skin
  • used for partial and full-thickness wounds
  • granular or necrotic wounds
    POSITIVE: moist environnement, autolytic debridement, moderate absorption, waterproof surface
    NEGATIVE: traumatize surrounding skin, roll, NOT WITH INFECTION
31
Q

Dressing: Hydrogels

A
  • moisture retentive
  • superficial/partial thickness with minimal drainage
    POSITIVE: moist environment, autolytic, reduce pressure/pain, coupling agent for US, adheres to wound minimally
    NEGATIVE: dressing can dehydrate, cannot use with mod drainage, requires secondary dressing
32
Q

Dressing: Foam

A
  • allow exudate to be absorbed into the foam
  • protection and absorption
  • partial/full thickness with varying levels of exudate.
  • POSITIVE: moist environment, adhesive and non-adhesive forms, prophylactic protection/cushioning, mod absorption.
  • NEGATIVE: rolls, adhesives may traumatize periwound, wound inspection difficult
33
Q

Dressing: Transparent Film

A
  • permeable to vapor/oxygen
  • countour/conform due to elasticity
  • minimal drainage, up to partial-thickness
    POSITIVE: moist, autolytic debridement, visualization, resistant to shearing, cost effective
    NEGATIVE: not good at absorption, adhesive, DONT USE ON INFECTED WOUND
34
Q

Dressing: Gauze

A
  • impregnated gauze
  • used on infected and non infected wounds of any size
    POSITIVE: cost effective, modify number of layers
    NEGATIVE: adheres to wound, highly permeable, frequent changes, prolonged use decreases cost effectiveness, increased infection rate.
35
Q

Dressing: Alginates

A
  • seaweed extraction (calcium salt)
  • highly absorptive/permiable/non occlusive
  • pressure/venous insufficiency ulcers
  • infected wounds
    POSITIVE: high absorption, protection from microbial contamination, non-adhering
    NEGATIVE: frequent changes, secondary dressing, don’t use with exposed tendon, etc.
36
Q

def: desiccated

A

dry/dehydration of wound

37
Q

def: desquamation

A

peeling or shedding of the outer layer of the epidermis

38
Q

def: ecchymosis

A

the discoloration occurring below intact skin resulting from trauma to underlying blood vessels.

BLACK AND BLUE

39
Q

def: turgor

A

the speed skin resumes is normal appearance after being lightly pinched.

indicator of skin elasticity and hydration

40
Q

def: zone of coagulation

A

the area of burn that received the most severe injury/ irreversible cell damage

41
Q

def: Zone of stasis

A
  • burn area of less severe injury, surrounds zone of coagulation, damage is reversible
42
Q

def: Zone of hypermia

A
  • area surrounding zone of stasis (burn) that presents with inflammation, will recover fully without intervention
43
Q

Def: Cellulitis

A
  • fast spreading inflammation
  • caused by bacterial infection (strep, staph)
  • SXs: localized, spreading redness; local abscess, tenderness, chills, fever, malaise
  • TX: referred to physician.
  • cellulitis can lead to sepsis or gangrene
44
Q

Def: Contact Dermatitis

A
  • superficial irritation of skin

- SXs: intense itching, burning, and red skin. Edema.

45
Q

Def: Exzema

A
  • dermatitis.
  • SXs: red/brown-gray, itchy, lichenified skin plaques (thick, leathery skin). Younger population = oozing and crusting
  • cold compression. stress management.
46
Q

Def: Gangrene (DRY)

A
  • loss of vascular supply, local tissue death
  • not painful, may have pain at the line of demarcation.
  • can result in autoamputation
  • infection not present
  • SXs: dark brown/black nonviable tissue. Pt may complain of cold/numb skin. pain.
47
Q

Def: Gangrene (WET)

A
  • bacterial infection
  • swelling can cause stop of blood flow
  • due to lack of blood supply, no WBCs to fight
  • SXs: swelling and pain, skin brown/black, blisters with pus, fever, malaise
48
Q

Def: Onychomycosis

A

nail fungus

49
Q

Def: Plaque Psoriasis

A
  • chronic autoimmune disease
  • T cells trigger inflammation
  • raised red patches
  • itch and flake
50
Q

Def: Tinea Pedis

A

Athletes Foot

51
Q

Def: Tay-Sachs Disease

A
  • metabolic disease
  • absence/deficiency of hexosaminidase A
  • SXs: at 6 months child will miss developmental milestones and will deteriorate in motor and cognitive skills. die by age of 5
52
Q

Def: Wilson’s Disease

A
  • Metabolic
  • AKA’d hepatolenticular degeneration
  • can metabolize copper
  • SXs: kayser-fleischer ring, degenerative changes in brain (basal ganglia), hepatitis, cirrhosis, athetoid movements, ataxic gait.
  • TX: B6 and D-penicillamine. prevention of hepatic disease.
53
Q

Type of Acid-Base Metabolic Disorders

A
  1. Metabolic Alkalosis - increase in bicarbonate, loss of acids, pH above 7.45. (caused by vomiting, antacids, diuretic therapy)
  2. Metabolic Acidosis - increased acids, bicarbonate loss, pH below 7.35. (caused by renal failure, starvation, ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, poisoning)
54
Q

Type of Metabolic Bone Diseases

A
  1. Osteomalacia - soft bones due to calcium or phosphorus deficiency.
  2. Osteoporosis - brittle bones
  3. Paget’s Disease - heightened osteoclast activity. bones appear large but lack strength. >50 yo.
55
Q

Def: Endocrine System

A
  • consists of glands that secrete hormones.
  • Works with nervous system to regulate:
    (1) metabolism, (2) stress, (3) sexual     
reproduction (4) blood pressure, 
(5) water and salt balances
56
Q

Def: Hypothalamus

A
  • located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere
  • connects to pituitary gland
  • regulates ANS by impacting pituitary gland
57
Q

Def: Pituitary Gland

A
  • base of brain, beneath hypothalamus
  • 2 glands (1) adenohypophysis (2) neurohypophysis.
  • releases hormones that regulate other glands
  • influenced by seasonal changes/emotional stress
58
Q

Def: Thyroid Gland

A
  • trachea

- produces thyroxine and triiodthyronine, which control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food.

59
Q

Def: Parathyroid Gland

A
  • 4 glands on posterior thyroid
  • produce parathyroid hormone, which functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
  • increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to the blood.
60
Q

What is dependent on normal calcium levels in blood?

A
  • normal clotting
  • neuromuscular excitability
  • cell membrane permeability
61
Q

Def: Adrenal Glands

A
  • located on kidneys
  • ADRENAL CORTEX: produces corticosteroids, regulate water and sodium balance, response to street, immune system, sex, metabolism.
  • ADRENAL MEDULLA: produces epinephrine, increases heart rate and blood pressure when stressed.
62
Q

Def: Pancreas

A
  • upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
  • Alpha cells produce glucagon
  • Beta cells produce insulin
  • work together to maintain glucose levels and properly maintain stores of energy.
63
Q

Def: Ovaries

A
  • provide estrogen and progesterone.
    estrogen: responsible for development and maintenance of female sex characteristics.
    Progesterone: maintain the lining of the uterus at the level necessary for pregnancy.
64
Q

Glands of Endocrine System

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary Gland
  3. Thyroid Gland
  4. Parathyroid gland
  5. adrenal gland
  6. Pancreas
    7&8. Ovaries and Testes

NPTE Study Flash Cards (13 decks)

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