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Introducing Practice Neurology 2 > Other Rehab Techniques And Review Of Pathologies > Flashcards

Other Rehab Techniques And Review Of Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is a CVA?

A

Cerebrovascular accident- Rapidly developing signs or symptoms of focal and at times global loss of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or that lead to death, with no apparent cause other than vascular

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2
Q

What are the different types of CVA?

A

Ischaemic and haemorrhagic

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3
Q

What are the risk factors for developing CVA?

A

Hypertension, Ischaemic heart disease, AF, High blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, high salt diet, smoking.

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4
Q

What is the most common area of the brain for an infarct?

A

Middle cerebral artery- most of the outer surface, sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, internal capsule and Broca’s area on the left

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5
Q

What is the Bamford classification for stroke ?

A

TACS- total anterior circulation stroke
PACS- partial anterior circulation stroke
POCS- posterior circulation stroke
LACS- Lacunar stroke (deep penetrating arteries)

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6
Q

What 3 arteries are the main blood supply to the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

What is a TBI?

A

Traumatic brain injury- defined as a injury to the brain caused by an external trauma

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8
Q

What are the different types of TBI?

A

Closed- diffuse axonal injury, concussion, intracranial haematoma, cerebral contusion
Open
Crushing

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9
Q

What are the different types of non traumatic brain injuries?

A

Stroke, infections, tumours, surgical complications, seizures, endocrine disorders, drug reactions, environmental toxins and anoxia

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10
Q

Which lobe is most commonly affected with TBI and what would be the signs and symptoms of damage to this lobe?

A

Frontal lobe - in behaviour or personality. Difficulty with previously unchallenging tasks. There are changes in relationships. There is difficulty with short or long term memory. There is trouble recognising familiar people or animals. New fears or phobias. Unexplained depression or anxiety

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11
Q

What are the two main types of spinal cord injury?

A

Complete/ incomplete,
tetraplegia/paraplegia,
traumatic/ non traumatic

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12
Q

What are the four types of incomplete SCI?

A

Anterior cord
Central cord
Brown sequard
Cauda equina

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13
Q

How would you test the c7 myotome and S1 dermatome?

A

C7- Elbow extension

S1- heel and lateral foot

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14
Q

What is the main descending pathway?

A

Corticospinal tract

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15
Q

What pathway transmits mainly proprioceptive information?

A

Spinocerebellar

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16
Q

How to treat low tone in the upper limb

A

Care of shoulder- education and positioning, supportive devices.
Hand oedema- passive/. AAROM
Whole arm strengthening (approx/tapping/holding/placing)
Mirror box and mental practice
Sensory retraining
Splints

17
Q

What are some sub acute treatments?

A

Electrical stimulation-FES, CIMT, Botox for spasticity/spasticity management, strength training/task specific

18
Q

What are the various grips?

A

Digital - pinch, Dics, hook, finger push, box, cylindrical, flipped cylindrical, lateral,tripod
PALMAR- span, spherical, power, flat hand push

19
Q

Name some PADL’s

A

Getting out of bed, dressing, washing, toilet,cleaning teeth, cutting up food

20
Q

Name some DADL’s

A 
Cutting/chopping
Stirring/lifting pans
Opening cans
Reach into cupboards
Mopping
Gardening 
DIY 
Ironing
21
Q

Name some gadgets used for treating the upper limb

A

Saeboflex, Lycra garments and strapping

22
Q

What is cardiovascular fitness?

A

The ability of the heart, blood cells and lungs to supply oxygen rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement

23
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring cardiovascular fitness?

A

CPET

24
Q

Why is cardiovascular fitness decreased post stroke?

A 
It is reduced by 50% due to:
Impaired balance and coordination 
Diminished proprioceptive feedback 
Changes in muscle physiology and inflammation 
Respiratory dysfunction
25
Q

What are the possible causes of fatigue?

A

Central - CNS, Endocrine dysfunction, immunological, ANS
Peripheral- Neuromuscular
Other- anaemia, meds, sleep.diet

26
Q

What are some fatigue management techniques?

A 
Balance and pacing
Rest 
Sleep
Food and nutrition 
Emotional health 
Pain management
27
Q

What is grade exercise therapy?

A

Duration- start slow at maybe 2 mins a day to and increase slowly until 30 minutes daily. Monitor the Borg rating scale and heart rate.

Intensity- starts low and progresses slowly to target heart rate once can manage 30 minutes of exercise 5-6 days per week
Final stage- introduce into community/ social interaction

28
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Amnesia refers to the loss of memories, such as facts, information and experiences

29
Q

What is the main reason for using heat therapy

A

It Increases skin and joint temperature, improves blood circulation and muscle relaxation and decreases joint stiffness

30
Q

What is the main indications for using cold therapy?

A

Decrease pain, spasm, decrease swelling, constricts blood vessels (vasodilation) and blocks nerve impulses to the joint

31
Q

What are the four main symptoms of a stroke and where in the brain would damage lead to these symptoms?

A

Motor symptoms - pre motor area, supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex

Sensory symptoms- primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Higher cerebral deficit/ cognitive impairment - front lobe eg behaviour/emotional changes in frontal lobe
Temporal lobe- organisation- sequencing and memory

Speech symptoms - expressive and receptive dysphasia that occurs in the Broca’s area in the left frontal lobe

32
Q

What are the 3 main ascending tracts in the spinal cord

A

Spinocerebellar tract
Spinothalamic tract
Dorsal column

33
Q

What are the 5 main descending tracts?

A 
Corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibule-spinal tract
Tectospinal tract
34
Q

What is the assessment scale used to assess level and severity of damage?

A

ASIA scale

Introducing Practice Neurology 2 (19 decks)

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