Other Psychodynamic Therapies Flashcards
Carl Jung’s Analytical (Complex) Psychology (intrapsychic determinants of personality)
Early associate of Freud who later disagreed with him in many respects
Believed unconscious exists on 2 levels: individual (personal) unconscious which arises from repression and the collective unconscious which refers to the unconscious that is common to all human beings
Transference involves both personal and collective projections onto the therapist
Personality is consequence of conscious and unconscious
Collective unconscious contains archetypes = motifs, images, or symbols that exist prior to experience, manifested by all individuals in all cultures and are instinctual. Latent memory structures passed down thru generations
Self (wants unity of diff parts of personality) Shadow (dark side), Anima (feminine side), Animus (masculine side)
Aimed at bringing unconscious conscious
Similar to psychoanalysis in sense of using dream interpretation, associations, and transference analysis to do so
The more aware of personal unconscious, the more aware of collective unconscious and one’s psyche internally self-regulates and neurosis resolves – DEPTH psychologist
Also a TRAIT theorist – extraversion/introversion personality, more extraverted when young and introverted when older, change occurs around 40 years of age (hence “mid-life crisis” or “mid-life transition” as it is now called)
Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology (intrapsychic determinants of personality)
Every child experiences feelings of inferiority – inferiority complexes – that supply the motivation to grow, dominate, and be superior – the MASCULINE PROTEST
If inferiority complex develops in connection with a body party = organ inferiority
Compensatory patterns of bx = developed as defense mechanisms to overcome inferiority feelings, can lead to overcompensation in extreme cases, if the person’s life-style or compensatory actions are socially maladaptive, they become self-destructive (e.g. neurotic, psychotic or delinquent)
Therapy characterized as diplomatic, warm, empathetic, and Socratic
Divided into 12 stages across 6 phases with each stage reflecting progressive strategies for awakening a client’s underdeveloped feeling of community
Goal of therapy is to help a client replace a “mistaken style of life” with a healthier and more adaptive one
Focuses on exploring pt’s determinants of their life style (family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, and birth order)
Also uses the interpretation of dreams, resistances, and transferences like Freud, also uses role-plays
STEP and STET two programs based on Adler’s approach
Neo-Freudians (more importance on social and cultural determinants of personality)
Karen Horney – certain parental bxs (indifference, overprotection, rejection) cause child to experience basic anxiety = feeling of hopelessness and isolation in a hostile world. To defend against this anxiety, child adopts certain modes of relating to others (movement toward, away, or against). The healthy individual integrates all three types of bx.
Harry Stack Sullivan – recognized role of cognitive experience in personality dev’t and identified 3 modes of cognitive experience which develop sequentially in the infant: 1. Prototaxic mode – experiences before language symbols; discrete, unconnected momentary states; first months of life, similar to schizophrenics, 2. Parataxic mode – private or autistic symbols and the person sees casual connections btwn events that are not actually related, serve the developing self and reduce anxiety, 3. Syntaxic mode – involves symbols that have shared meaning and logical, sequential, and consistent thinking, emerges around the end of the first year and underlies language acquisition. Neurotic bx caused by PARATAXIC DISTORTIONS – occur when individual deals with others as if they were significant persons from his early life (similar to Freud’s definition of transference)
Erich Fromm – role of societal factors in personality dev’t. Society prevents individuals from realizing their true nature which he saw as the capacity to be creative, loving, and productive. 5 personality styles a person may adopt in response to demands of society: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, and productive. Only productive permits person to realize his true nature.
Ego-Analysts (Anna Freud, David Rappaport, Heinz Hartmann)
Ego-Analysts (Anna Freud, David Rappaport, Heinz Hartmann)
More emphasis on ego’s role in personality dev’t
2 ego functions: ego-defensive functions – involved in resolution of conflict and ego-autonomous functions – adaptive, non-conflict laden functions such as learning, memory, speech, and perception
healthy bx is under conscious control
pathology occurs when ego loses its autonomy from the Id
More emphasis on current experiences, less on transference (not significantly diff from classical psychoanalysis, however)
“re-parenting” – teaches the client to build more adaptive defenses
Object-Relations Theory (Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg, Heinz Kohut, Donald Winnicott)
Followed the ego-analysts’ focus on ego capacities and functions
Object introject = mental representation of a person, either the self (self-representation) or another (object-representation eg mother or primary care provider)
In a healthy environment, an infant’s ego develops representations of itself and others, ego strength needed to maintain self-identity and representation of another (object).
Mahler calls this “psychological birth” typically reach by the third year of life
If poor early caretaking, commonly see “split” representations of other people, typically good or bad, eg borderlines
