Bio Bases Flashcards
Stages of brain dev
o Proliferation (2.5 weeks), migration (8 weeks), differentiation (cells become more distinct), myelination, synaptogenesis (postnatal)
Aphasias
o Wernickes-receptive or sensory aphasia (problems with comprehension, fluent speech but meaninginless)
o Broca- expressive or motor aphasia, intact comprehension but poor articulation
o Conduction- damage link between Wernickes and Broca- intact fluency and comp (paraphasia-misusing speech sounds)
o Global aphasia-damage to most of the cortex-impairment in most lang fx
Transcortical Motor Aphasia is a type of non-fluent aphasia. This means that speech is halting with a lot of starts and stops. People with TMA typically have good repetition skills, especially compared to spontaneous speech.
Patients with transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) have fluent and paraphasic speech (global paraphasias predominate over phonemic) and a severe impairment in aural comprehension. Yet their repetition is intact (occasionally echolalic), setting them clearly apart from Wernicke’s aphasics.
seizures
generalised:
grand mal (tonic-clonic) (muscles contract then shake)
petite mal (loss of cs w/o shakes)
Partial:
simple (Jacksonian) (no loss of cs)
complex (some alteration in cs)
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. If you do not resolve the stress that has triggered GAS, it can lead to physical and mental health problems.
catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
hindbrain
medulla, cerebellum, pons
midbrain
substantia nigra, reticular formation (RAS), superior and inferior colliculi
forebrain
cerebral cortex (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
subcortical structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia (motor)
cones
color vision and fine detail
rods
low light, night vision, peripheral vision, black and white
weber’s law
the more intense a stimulus the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a Just Noticeable Effect
Fechner’s Law
extension of weber’s law
a mathematical formula relating subjective experience to changes in physical stimulus intensity: Specifically, the sensation experienced is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus magnitude.
Steven’s Law
Stevens’ power law is an empirical relationship in psychophysics between an increased intensity or strength in a physical stimulus and the perceived magnitude increase in the sensation created by the stimulus.
as a stimulus gets stronger, we become increasingly less sensitive to the stimulus changes. Sometimes as the stimulus intensity increases, our sensitivity keeps roughly constant.
LTP
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation. LTP is thought to be a way in which the brain changes in response to experience, and thus may be an mechanism underlying learning and memory.
Sleep Stages
BATD
beta- alert, fully awake
stage 1 alpha
stae 2 theta (sleep spindles and K-complexes)
stage 3 and 4 delta waves
REM looks like awake
agonist drugs
drugs that produce similar effects to a NT
direct-mimic NT
indirect- attach to another receptor cell and facilitate the action of the NT
Partial ag- produces effects similar or less than the NT
inverse ag- produce opposite effect of NT
antagonist drug
reduce or block the effect of NT
direct-attach to receptor site to block NT
indirect-attach to other receptor site and interfere with the action of the nT
conventional antipsychotics
haloperidol
block dopamine receptors
side effects- anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
anticholinergic effects
dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation
extrapyramidal effects
Akathisia: Feeling restless like you can’t sit still. You may have the urge to tap your fingers, fidget, or jiggle your legs.
Dystonia: When your muscles contract involuntarily. It can be painful.
Parkinsonism: Symptoms are similar to Parkinson’s disease. You may have a tremor, difficulty finishing thoughts or speaking, and stiff facial muscles. But while a loss of nerve cells causes Parkinson’s disease, the medication causes Parkinsonism.
Tardive dyskinesia: Facial movements happen involuntarily. You may make a sucking or chewing motion with your mouth, stick out your tongue, or blink your eyes a lot.
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.
atypical antipsychotics
clozepine
anticholinergic effects, lowered seizure potential, sedation, extrapyramidal (but less than conventionals), agranulocytosis, NMS
tricyclics
imipramine, clomipramine
block reuptake of nore, sero and/or dop
lethal overdose, cv sx, anticholinergic, drowsiness, fatigue, weight gain, tremor
SSRI
fluoxetine
safer in overdose and less cardiotoxic
gi distress, insomnia, sexual dyfx, headache, anxiety, anorexxia, tremor, urination
MAOIs
inhibit monoamine oxidase
hypertensive crisis, (if mixed with barbiturates, amphetamines, antihistamines, alcohol and food with tyramine), antichol., insomnia, weight gain, headache, skin rash, edema, tremor
mood stabilizers
lithium-gi distress, tremor, weight gain, toxicity, effects sodium levels
carbamazepine- agranulocytosis, anemia, anorexia, ataxia, rash
