Bio Bases Flashcards
Stages of brain dev
o Proliferation (2.5 weeks), migration (8 weeks), differentiation (cells become more distinct), myelination, synaptogenesis (postnatal)
Aphasias
o Wernickes-receptive or sensory aphasia (problems with comprehension, fluent speech but meaninginless)
o Broca- expressive or motor aphasia, intact comprehension but poor articulation
o Conduction- damage link between Wernickes and Broca- intact fluency and comp (paraphasia-misusing speech sounds)
o Global aphasia-damage to most of the cortex-impairment in most lang fx
Transcortical Motor Aphasia is a type of non-fluent aphasia. This means that speech is halting with a lot of starts and stops. People with TMA typically have good repetition skills, especially compared to spontaneous speech.
Patients with transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) have fluent and paraphasic speech (global paraphasias predominate over phonemic) and a severe impairment in aural comprehension. Yet their repetition is intact (occasionally echolalic), setting them clearly apart from Wernicke’s aphasics.
seizures
generalised:
grand mal (tonic-clonic) (muscles contract then shake)
petite mal (loss of cs w/o shakes)
Partial:
simple (Jacksonian) (no loss of cs)
complex (some alteration in cs)
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. If you do not resolve the stress that has triggered GAS, it can lead to physical and mental health problems.
catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
hindbrain
medulla, cerebellum, pons
midbrain
substantia nigra, reticular formation (RAS), superior and inferior colliculi
forebrain
cerebral cortex (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
subcortical structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia (motor)
cones
color vision and fine detail
rods
low light, night vision, peripheral vision, black and white
weber’s law
the more intense a stimulus the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a Just Noticeable Effect
Fechner’s Law
extension of weber’s law
a mathematical formula relating subjective experience to changes in physical stimulus intensity: Specifically, the sensation experienced is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus magnitude.
Steven’s Law
Stevens’ power law is an empirical relationship in psychophysics between an increased intensity or strength in a physical stimulus and the perceived magnitude increase in the sensation created by the stimulus.
as a stimulus gets stronger, we become increasingly less sensitive to the stimulus changes. Sometimes as the stimulus intensity increases, our sensitivity keeps roughly constant.
LTP
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation. LTP is thought to be a way in which the brain changes in response to experience, and thus may be an mechanism underlying learning and memory.
Sleep Stages
BATD
beta- alert, fully awake
stage 1 alpha
stae 2 theta (sleep spindles and K-complexes)
stage 3 and 4 delta waves
REM looks like awake
