Other: Lab Exam Flashcards
Stain of gram postitive cells vs gram negative cells
Gram postitive stain purple
Gram negative Stain red
Some ecological roles of bacteria:
Primary producers and decomposers.
When to use liquid broth or Agar
o Liquid broth can be used to obtain high concentrations of bacteria
o Agar can be used to make isolated colonies to be observed.
Photoautroph
Energy source: Light
Carbon sourc: Co2 and etc.
Chemo autotroph
Energy source: inorganic chemicals such as NH3
Carbon Source: CO2 and etc.
Photoheterotroph
energy Source:
Light
carbon source: Organinc compoinds
Chemohet.
Energy source and carbon source; organic compounds.
What is the starch agar experiment
It tests for the presence of Amylase, a positive test means that the bacteria produces Amlyzase enzyme
Mode of action of different antibiotics
o Penicillin is quite effective against Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
o Penicillin inhibits the enzyme that crosslinks the peptidoglycan polymers.
o Norfloxacin interferes with DNA replication. It is broad-spectrum and works against gram+ and gram-
o Cefotaxime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Desmids
• Desmids (type of green algae)
o Desmids are a type of green algae that contribute to phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. They are non-motile and most are unicellular where each cell is composed of two symmetrical half-cells (two compartments) joined by a narrow bridge containing the nucleus. (Fig. 8).
o Able to photosynthesize, have chlorophyll a and b, cell wall made of cellulose and store starch for their energy
Diatoms:
• Desmids (type of green algae)
o Desmids are a type of green algae that contribute to phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. They are non-motile and most are unicellular where each cell is composed of two symmetrical half-cells (two compartments) joined by a narrow bridge containing the nucleus. (Fig. 8).
o Able to photosynthesize, have chlorophyll a and b, cell wall made of cellulose and store starch for their energy
euglena
o Motile, unicellular, flagellated.
o Have chlorophyl a and b
o Mixotrophic, meaning that they can both be photoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
o Unique storage carbohydrate: Paramylon
o “eye-spot” in order to swim towards light
Amoeba
• Amoeba
o Unicellular protozoa
o Lack cell walls, move by amoeboid movement through pseudopodia
o Contractile vacuole to repel the excess water
Paramecium (Ciliate) + Stentor (Ciliate)
• Paramecium (ciliate) + Stentor (ciliate)
o Unicellular protozoa
o Covered in cilia.
o They have a pellicle (instead of a cell wall) that allows them to have support and protection.
o They have an oral groove that brings food to their gullet, where the food is ingested into food vacuoles
o Contain food and contractile vacuoles
o Contains a macronucleus and micronucleus.
• Trypanosoma brucei
o Unciellular flagellated protozoa.
o Parasites, pathogens.
o Requires two hosts, a mammal and an insect, to complete life cycle
o When it infects someone it acts as a biological vector in disease transmission
Primary Producers
o They produce biomass, or organic material to support the food chain in the ecosystem. Usually autotrophs. Example: Phytoplankton
Decomposers
o Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi decompose the organisms in a food chain. Decomposers feed on dead organic matter (detritus) and are essential to recycle nutrients in an ecosystem
Mutualistic Symbionts
o Interaction between two organisms in which they will both benefit from the interaction. For example, green algae can form mutualisms with coral or fungi. Some chemoheterotrophic protists form mutualisms with termites.
Parasites:
o Parasitism is an interaction in which one of the parties is harmed and the parasite will benefit. Example: The most spectacular crop failure in history, the Irish potato famine of 1845, was caused by a protist parasite.
Monophyletic and Polyphyletic
o A monophyletic group has descended from a common ancestor
o A polyphyletic group has descended from more than one ancestor
Phytoplankron vs zooplankton
• Phytoplankton are plant-like autotrophic organisms while zooplankton are heterotrophic animal-like organisms. (zoo like animal)
One consumes and the other releases oxygen
Understand the evolutionary relationship between green algae and plants.
1st adaptation: green Alagae: Choloroplasts A and B, Cellulose in cell wall, starch for energy storage
2nd adaptation: Bryophytes: Cuticle and Stomata
3rd adaptation: Seedless cascular plants: Vascular tissue
4th adaptation: gymnosperms: Seeds, pollen
5th adaptation: Angiosperm:
Flowers and Fruit
Sepals:
Collectively, they form the outermost of the floral parts. Normally green, their function is to protect the inner and more delicate parts of the flower as they develop within the bud.
Petals:
They often have attractive colors and odors and may contain at their base glandular hairs that secrete the sugar solution called nectar. These features are designed to attract insects to the flowers of those plants that rely on them to transmit pollen.
