Other: Lab Exam Flashcards
Stain of gram postitive cells vs gram negative cells
Gram postitive stain purple
Gram negative Stain red
Some ecological roles of bacteria:
Primary producers and decomposers.
When to use liquid broth or Agar
o Liquid broth can be used to obtain high concentrations of bacteria
o Agar can be used to make isolated colonies to be observed.
Photoautroph
Energy source: Light
Carbon sourc: Co2 and etc.
Chemo autotroph
Energy source: inorganic chemicals such as NH3
Carbon Source: CO2 and etc.
Photoheterotroph
energy Source:
Light
carbon source: Organinc compoinds
Chemohet.
Energy source and carbon source; organic compounds.
What is the starch agar experiment
It tests for the presence of Amylase, a positive test means that the bacteria produces Amlyzase enzyme
Mode of action of different antibiotics
o Penicillin is quite effective against Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
o Penicillin inhibits the enzyme that crosslinks the peptidoglycan polymers.
o Norfloxacin interferes with DNA replication. It is broad-spectrum and works against gram+ and gram-
o Cefotaxime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Desmids
• Desmids (type of green algae)
o Desmids are a type of green algae that contribute to phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. They are non-motile and most are unicellular where each cell is composed of two symmetrical half-cells (two compartments) joined by a narrow bridge containing the nucleus. (Fig. 8).
o Able to photosynthesize, have chlorophyll a and b, cell wall made of cellulose and store starch for their energy
Diatoms:
• Desmids (type of green algae)
o Desmids are a type of green algae that contribute to phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. They are non-motile and most are unicellular where each cell is composed of two symmetrical half-cells (two compartments) joined by a narrow bridge containing the nucleus. (Fig. 8).
o Able to photosynthesize, have chlorophyll a and b, cell wall made of cellulose and store starch for their energy
euglena
o Motile, unicellular, flagellated.
o Have chlorophyl a and b
o Mixotrophic, meaning that they can both be photoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
o Unique storage carbohydrate: Paramylon
o “eye-spot” in order to swim towards light
Amoeba
• Amoeba
o Unicellular protozoa
o Lack cell walls, move by amoeboid movement through pseudopodia
o Contractile vacuole to repel the excess water
Paramecium (Ciliate) + Stentor (Ciliate)
• Paramecium (ciliate) + Stentor (ciliate)
o Unicellular protozoa
o Covered in cilia.
o They have a pellicle (instead of a cell wall) that allows them to have support and protection.
o They have an oral groove that brings food to their gullet, where the food is ingested into food vacuoles
o Contain food and contractile vacuoles
o Contains a macronucleus and micronucleus.
• Trypanosoma brucei
o Unciellular flagellated protozoa.
o Parasites, pathogens.
o Requires two hosts, a mammal and an insect, to complete life cycle
o When it infects someone it acts as a biological vector in disease transmission
Primary Producers
o They produce biomass, or organic material to support the food chain in the ecosystem. Usually autotrophs. Example: Phytoplankton
Decomposers
o Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi decompose the organisms in a food chain. Decomposers feed on dead organic matter (detritus) and are essential to recycle nutrients in an ecosystem
Mutualistic Symbionts
o Interaction between two organisms in which they will both benefit from the interaction. For example, green algae can form mutualisms with coral or fungi. Some chemoheterotrophic protists form mutualisms with termites.
Parasites:
o Parasitism is an interaction in which one of the parties is harmed and the parasite will benefit. Example: The most spectacular crop failure in history, the Irish potato famine of 1845, was caused by a protist parasite.
Monophyletic and Polyphyletic
o A monophyletic group has descended from a common ancestor
o A polyphyletic group has descended from more than one ancestor
Phytoplankron vs zooplankton
• Phytoplankton are plant-like autotrophic organisms while zooplankton are heterotrophic animal-like organisms. (zoo like animal)
One consumes and the other releases oxygen
Understand the evolutionary relationship between green algae and plants.
1st adaptation: green Alagae: Choloroplasts A and B, Cellulose in cell wall, starch for energy storage
2nd adaptation: Bryophytes: Cuticle and Stomata
3rd adaptation: Seedless cascular plants: Vascular tissue
4th adaptation: gymnosperms: Seeds, pollen
5th adaptation: Angiosperm:
Flowers and Fruit
Sepals:
Collectively, they form the outermost of the floral parts. Normally green, their function is to protect the inner and more delicate parts of the flower as they develop within the bud.
Petals:
They often have attractive colors and odors and may contain at their base glandular hairs that secrete the sugar solution called nectar. These features are designed to attract insects to the flowers of those plants that rely on them to transmit pollen.
Stamens;
These are the male reproductive structures of the plant and are located central to the petals. Each stamen has an upper swollen part called the ANTHER, which is borne on the slender stalk known as the FILAMENT.
Pistil:
Found in the center of the flower. There are three regions to each pistil:
a) A swollen basal OVARY contains one or more OVULES. b) A long slender STYLE. c) A terminal STIGMA.
• Know what parts of a flower become seed and flesh of a fruit.
o The outside wall of the ovary and pistil becomes the skin of the fruit.
o The flesh is made from the outer covering that derives from the petals and sepals.
Epidermis
The outer layer of cells providing the boundary between the inside and outside of the leaf. Each leaf has an UPPER epidermis and LOWER epidermis.
Cuticle
The layer of waxy material which covers the outer surface of the leaf to prevent water loss.
Stoma
The pore system (pore plus the guard cells) through which gas exchanges
take place and is regulated to avoid water loss.
Guard Cells
Cells that open and close the pore to control gas exchanges and water loss.
Mesophyll
Photosynthetic cells just beneath the epidermis. Palisade mesophyll is the upper portion of elongated cells while the spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells allowing the movement of O2 and CO2 between the palisade cells and the stomata.
vascular Bundle
Unit of vascular tissue that conducts the water and nutrients throughout the plant. Contains xylem (transport of water) and phloem (transport of sugars).
What is Auxin
Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tip that promotes cell elongation. It moves to the darker side of the plant to elongate the cells at that location.
Shoots: The stem and leaves together can be referred to as a shoot.
Roots: under the ground to absorb nutrients and water as well keeping the plant sturdy
phytohormones
Phytohormones are organic molecules that act as hormones responsible for the plant’s growth and development
Closed Vs. open circuit:
- A closed circulatory system comprises a heart that pumps blood through a network of branching vessels.
- An open circulatory system circulates the hemolymph (not blood) using a heard through open-ended vessels into a body cavity to surround cells for exchange of materials before being collected and brought back to the heart.
Adaptations of fish:
2 heart chambers and 1 circulation circuit.
Gills for respiration in water.
Use of muscle contractions to compensate for loss of blood pressure in a cardiovascular system with 1 circuit.
Adaptations of Amphibians;
3 heart chambers and 2 circulation circuits.
Lungs for respiration on land.
Skin for respiration in water and to compensate for inefficient lungs.
Mechanisms to direct blood to the appropriate circuits to limit the effects of blood mixing.
Adaptations of Reptiles:
3 (or 4 for crocodilians) heart chambers and 2 circulation circuits.
Partial (or complete for crocodilian) septum to help limit blood mixing.
Shunting can divert blood to where it is needed most when lungs are not used.
Efficient lungs for respiration on land.
Adaptations of birds/mammals
4 heart chambers and 2 circulation circuits.
Complete septum that separates the circulation loops and prevents blood mixing.
Most efficient lungs for respiration on land.
Homologous vs. analogous
Similar traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function.
• Convergent evolution goes with homologous.
importance of cardiovascualr and respuratory system in maintaining homeostasis
- One of the main homeostatic functions of the respiratory system is the gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli in the lungs. As blood passes through the tiny capillaries in the alveolar sacs, changing pressure gradients allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood.
- ensure that nutrients and O2 as well as wastes and CO2 are transported to the correct parts of the body to maintain homeostasis and keep cells and the body alive
