Other: Lab Exam

Question 1

Stain of gram postitive cells vs gram negative cells

Answer 1

Gram postitive stain purple

Gram negative Stain red

Question 2

Some ecological roles of bacteria:

Answer 2

Primary producers and decomposers.

Question 3

When to use liquid broth or Agar

Answer 3

o Liquid broth can be used to obtain high concentrations of bacteria
o Agar can be used to make isolated colonies to be observed.

Question 4

Photoautroph

Answer 4

Energy source: Light

Carbon sourc: Co2 and etc.

Question 5

Chemo autotroph

Answer 5

Energy source: inorganic chemicals such as NH3

Carbon Source: CO2 and etc.

Question 6

Photoheterotroph

Answer 6

energy Source:
Light
carbon source: Organinc compoinds

Question 7

Chemohet.

Answer 7

Energy source and carbon source; organic compounds.

Question 8

What is the starch agar experiment

Answer 8

It tests for the presence of Amylase, a positive test means that the bacteria produces Amlyzase enzyme

Question 9

Mode of action of different antibiotics

Answer 9

o Penicillin is quite effective against Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Gram-negative bacteria.
o Penicillin inhibits the enzyme that crosslinks the peptidoglycan polymers.
o Norfloxacin interferes with DNA replication. It is broad-spectrum and works against gram+ and gram-
o Cefotaxime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Question 10

Desmids

Answer 10

• Desmids (type of green algae)
o Desmids are a type of green algae that contribute to phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. They are non-motile and most are unicellular where each cell is composed of two symmetrical half-cells (two compartments) joined by a narrow bridge containing the nucleus. (Fig. 8).
o Able to photosynthesize, have chlorophyll a and b, cell wall made of cellulose and store starch for their energy

Question 11

Diatoms:

Answer 11

• Desmids (type of green algae)
o Desmids are a type of green algae that contribute to phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems. They are non-motile and most are unicellular where each cell is composed of two symmetrical half-cells (two compartments) joined by a narrow bridge containing the nucleus. (Fig. 8).
o Able to photosynthesize, have chlorophyll a and b, cell wall made of cellulose and store starch for their energy

Question 12

euglena

Answer 12

o Motile, unicellular, flagellated.
o Have chlorophyl a and b
o Mixotrophic, meaning that they can both be photoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
o Unique storage carbohydrate: Paramylon
o “eye-spot” in order to swim towards light

Question 13

Amoeba

Answer 13

• Amoeba
o Unicellular protozoa
o Lack cell walls, move by amoeboid movement through pseudopodia
o Contractile vacuole to repel the excess water

Question 14

Paramecium (Ciliate) + Stentor (Ciliate)

Answer 14

• Paramecium (ciliate) + Stentor (ciliate)
o Unicellular protozoa
o Covered in cilia.
o They have a pellicle (instead of a cell wall) that allows them to have support and protection.
o They have an oral groove that brings food to their gullet, where the food is ingested into food vacuoles
o Contain food and contractile vacuoles
o Contains a macronucleus and micronucleus.

Question 15

• Trypanosoma brucei

Answer 15

o Unciellular flagellated protozoa.
o Parasites, pathogens.
o Requires two hosts, a mammal and an insect, to complete life cycle
o When it infects someone it acts as a biological vector in disease transmission

Question 16

Primary Producers

Answer 16

o They produce biomass, or organic material to support the food chain in the ecosystem. Usually autotrophs. Example: Phytoplankton

Question 17

Decomposers

Answer 17

o Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi decompose the organisms in a food chain. Decomposers feed on dead organic matter (detritus) and are essential to recycle nutrients in an ecosystem

Question 18

Mutualistic Symbionts

Answer 18

o Interaction between two organisms in which they will both benefit from the interaction. For example, green algae can form mutualisms with coral or fungi. Some chemoheterotrophic protists form mutualisms with termites.

Question 19

Parasites:

Answer 19

o Parasitism is an interaction in which one of the parties is harmed and the parasite will benefit. Example: The most spectacular crop failure in history, the Irish potato famine of 1845, was caused by a protist parasite.

Question 20

Monophyletic and Polyphyletic

Answer 20

o A monophyletic group has descended from a common ancestor

o A polyphyletic group has descended from more than one ancestor

Question 21

Phytoplankron vs zooplankton

Answer 21

• Phytoplankton are plant-like autotrophic organisms while zooplankton are heterotrophic animal-like organisms. (zoo like animal)
One consumes and the other releases oxygen

Question 22

Understand the evolutionary relationship between green algae and plants.

Answer 22

1st adaptation: green Alagae: Choloroplasts A and B, Cellulose in cell wall, starch for energy storage

2nd adaptation: Bryophytes: Cuticle and Stomata

3rd adaptation: Seedless cascular plants: Vascular tissue

4th adaptation: gymnosperms: Seeds, pollen

5th adaptation: Angiosperm:
Flowers and Fruit

Question 23

Sepals:

Answer 23

Collectively, they form the outermost of the floral parts. Normally green, their function is to protect the inner and more delicate parts of the flower as they develop within the bud.

Question 24

Petals:

Answer 24

They often have attractive colors and odors and may contain at their base glandular hairs that secrete the sugar solution called nectar. These features are designed to attract insects to the flowers of those plants that rely on them to transmit pollen.

Question 25

Stamens;

Answer 25

These are the male reproductive structures of the plant and are located central to the petals. Each stamen has an upper swollen part called the ANTHER, which is borne on the slender stalk known as the FILAMENT.

Question 26

Pistil:

Answer 26

Found in the center of the flower. There are three regions to each pistil:

a) A swollen basal OVARY contains one or more OVULES. 
b) A long slender STYLE. 
c) A terminal STIGMA.

Question 27

• Know what parts of a flower become seed and flesh of a fruit.

Answer 27

o The outside wall of the ovary and pistil becomes the skin of the fruit.
o The flesh is made from the outer covering that derives from the petals and sepals.

Question 28

Epidermis

Answer 28

The outer layer of cells providing the boundary between the inside and outside of the leaf. Each leaf has an UPPER epidermis and LOWER epidermis.

Question 29

Cuticle

Answer 29

The layer of waxy material which covers the outer surface of the leaf to prevent water loss.

Question 30

Stoma

Answer 30

The pore system (pore plus the guard cells) through which gas exchanges
take place and is regulated to avoid water loss.

Question 31

Guard Cells

Answer 31

Cells that open and close the pore to control gas exchanges and water loss.

Question 32

Mesophyll

Answer 32

Photosynthetic cells just beneath the epidermis. Palisade mesophyll is the upper portion of elongated cells while the spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells allowing the movement of O2 and CO2 between the palisade cells and the stomata.

Question 33

vascular Bundle

Answer 33

Unit of vascular tissue that conducts the water and nutrients throughout the plant. Contains xylem (transport of water) and phloem (transport of sugars).

Question 34

What is Auxin

Answer 34

Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tip that promotes cell elongation. It moves to the darker side of the plant to elongate the cells at that location.
Shoots: The stem and leaves together can be referred to as a shoot.
Roots: under the ground to absorb nutrients and water as well keeping the plant sturdy

Question 35

phytohormones

Answer 35

Phytohormones are organic molecules that act as hormones responsible for the plant’s growth and development  

Question 36

Closed Vs. open circuit:

Answer 36

• A closed circulatory system comprises a heart that pumps blood through a network of branching vessels.
• An open circulatory system circulates the hemolymph (not blood) using a heard through open-ended vessels into a body cavity to surround cells for exchange of materials before being collected and brought back to the heart.

Question 37

Adaptations of fish:

Answer 37

 2 heart chambers and 1 circulation circuit.
 Gills for respiration in water.
 Use of muscle contractions to compensate for loss of blood pressure in a cardiovascular system with 1 circuit.

Question 38

Adaptations of Amphibians;

Answer 38

 3 heart chambers and 2 circulation circuits.
 Lungs for respiration on land.
 Skin for respiration in water and to compensate for inefficient lungs.
 Mechanisms to direct blood to the appropriate circuits to limit the effects of blood mixing.

Question 39

Adaptations of Reptiles:

Answer 39

 3 (or 4 for crocodilians) heart chambers and 2 circulation circuits.
 Partial (or complete for crocodilian) septum to help limit blood mixing.
 Shunting can divert blood to where it is needed most when lungs are not used.
 Efficient lungs for respiration on land.

Question 40

Adaptations of birds/mammals

Answer 40

 4 heart chambers and 2 circulation circuits.
 Complete septum that separates the circulation loops and prevents blood mixing.
 Most efficient lungs for respiration on land.

Question 41

Homologous vs. analogous

Answer 41

Similar traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function.
• Convergent evolution goes with homologous.

Question 42

importance of cardiovascualr and respuratory system in maintaining homeostasis

Answer 42

• One of the main homeostatic functions of the respiratory system is the gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli in the lungs. As blood passes through the tiny capillaries in the alveolar sacs, changing pressure gradients allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood.
• ensure that nutrients and O2 as well as wastes and CO2 are transported to the correct parts of the body to maintain homeostasis and keep cells and the body alive