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Biology NYA > NYA Lecture XVIII: Consumers > Flashcards

NYA Lecture XVIII: Consumers Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a consumer.

A

A consumer is:
Any organism that obtains carbon from organic sources.
All consumers are heterotrophic

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2
Q

Aquatic Consumers:Zooplankton

A

Small non-photosynthetic organisms that feed on phytoplankton or other zooplankton.

Include:
Protists (e.g. Paramecium)
Invertebrate animals including some jellyfish, crustaceans (e.g. Daphnia) and others

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3
Q

Larger aquatic planktivores

A

Planktivore = Any aquatic organism that feeds on plankton.

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4
Q

Planktivore Adaptations

A

Gill rakers in fish
Baleen in whales
Siphons in mollusks

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5
Q

Aquatic Consumers:Large prey eaters (adaptations?)

A

Adaptations for hunting:

Fast, very muscular

Many sharp teeth, or a sharp beak

Camouflage for ambushing prey

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6
Q

3 types of terrestrial consummers.

A

Herbivores; primary consumers
Omnivores
Carnivores

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7
Q

Herbivores? What adaptations?

A

A herbivore is any organism that consumes only producers

Examples of Adaptations:
Teeth suited for grinding up cellulose rich food source. Flat like our molars.
Bird beaks broad for seed shell cracking.
Symbiotic association with protozoa or bacteria in digestive tract to help cellulose digestion.
Multiple chambered stomach (ruminants like cows).
Consumption of feces (coprophagy) to break down food again (e.g. Rabbits)

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8
Q

Omnivores? adaptations?

A

An omnivore is any organism that consumes both producers and consumers

Adaptations:

Combined features of herbivores and carnivores.

Two kinds of teeth, sharp for tearing meat and flat for grinding vegetable matter.

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9
Q

Carnivores? Adaptations?

A

A carnivore is any organism that only eats consumers

Examples of Adaptations :

Large, sharp teeth and or claws
Keen sense of smell, vision, hearing
Camouflage for ambushing prey
Quick reflexes
Fast, muscular bodies
Raptorial or stabbing beak in birds
Pack hunting behaviour
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10
Q

3 characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia

A
  1. Have eukaryotic cells without cell walls
  2. Are Multicellular
  3. Are Heterotrophic
    Most have:
  4. Specialized tissues (e.g. Adipose, Muscle, Nerve etc…)
  5. Have the ability to move from one place to another. Most animals have muscle and bone and innervation to stimulate movement.
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11
Q

Learn the phylogenetic tree of the animals

A

lol

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12
Q

Ancestor to the Animals

A

The ancestor of the kingdom Animalia is believed to have been similar to present day protists called choanoflagellates. They are suspension feeders.

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13
Q

How to characterize animals:

A

Symmetry

Mode of food ingestion

Mechanism of exchanging substances between the physical environment and organism’s cells.

Ability to sense stimuli and respond.

Mode of Reproduction

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14
Q
  1. Symmetry:
A

Asymnetrial: not symetric at all
Radial Symmetry: At any axis, the animal is symmetric, such as jellyfish.
Bilateral symmetry: Symmetrical along one axis, flies.

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15
Q
  1. Mode of Food Ingestion
A

Intracellular digestion

Extracellular digestion
Simple Gastrovascular cavity
Complex Digestive tract

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16
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

Most primitive

Food vacuoles created by phagocytosis and food is digested by lysosomes within cells.

Members of Porifera (sponges) digest this way.

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17
Q

Extracellular digestion:

A

2 types:

Simple Gastrovascular Cavity: Involves the breakdown of food outside of cells, within a one ended cavity called a gastrovascular cavity.

Complex Digestive Tract: Two openings (mouth and anus separate) with different organs. E.g. Earthworms and humans.

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18
Q
  1. Mechanism of exchanging and distributing substances between the physical environment and organism’s cells
A

Simple Diffusion of substances across all cell membranes with the physical environment.

Circulatory System

19
Q

Simple Diffusion only

A

Occurs in animals that do not have circulatory systems and live in aquatic habitats.

Substances are exchanged directly between the physical environment and the animal’s cells. Each cell must be in close proximity to the physical environment to get what it needs, Oxygen, nutrients etc…

Limits the size and thickness of tissue layers of the organism and ties them to an aquatic environment.

Examples: Sponges, jellyfish, some flatworms and roundworms.

20
Q

Circulatory System

A

A system of vessels that carry nutrients, water and oxygen to all cells and take wastes and carbon dioxide away. Circulation driven by a heart.

Two basic types of circulatory systems:

1. Open
2. Closed (single and double looped)
21
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Hemolymph (blood) is pumped out of the heart through vessels leading to the body tissues. Once it reaches it’s destination it empties into open sinuses that surround the tissues. Exchange occurs.

Hemolymph drains back into the heart via pores called ostia.

Exists in arthropods and many mollusks.

22
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Blood flows through a continuous circuit of vessels to and from the heart.
Closed systems are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrate animals (e.g. Octopi, squid, segmented worms)

23
Q
  1. Ability to sense stimuli and respond
A

3 basic forms:

Simple nerve net

Centralized nervous system

Cephalization

24
Q

Simple Nerve Net

A

Most primitive.

Nerve cells are dispersed throughout the organism making several points of contact with each other.

Allows for sensation, contraction, locomotion and feeding behaviours.

Stinger adaptation for paralyzing prey.

25
Q

Centralized Nervous System

A

Concentrations of nerve cells can be found running longitudinally and centrally through the animal. Called a nerve cord.

Nerve cords act as integration centers receiving sensory information and sending out motor commands to localized parts of the animal.

Present in all animals with bilateral symmetry.

26
Q

Cephalization:

A

A concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the animal called the brain.

The brain directs the nervous system.

Most sense organs have evolved at the anterior end as well (e.g. Eyes) which allows for quick sensory transmission to the brain for processing.

All animals with bilateral symmetry have at least rudimentary cephalization. Vertebrates exhibit the most complex forms.

27
Q
  1. Mode of Reproduction
A

Asexual

Sexual
External fertilization
Internal fertilization

28
Q

Sexual Reproduction: External Fertilization

A

Adaptation for an aquatic environment

Sperm and eggs are released into the water. Fertilization occurs if they meet. Relies on water currents, not always successful. Extreme overproduction is necessary.

e.g. Sponges, molluscs,
jellyfish, fish, amphibians etc….

29
Q

Sexual Reproduction: Internal Fertilization

A

Sperm is deposited directly within the female’s reproductive tract.
Fertilization of eggs is therefore internal.

An adaptation to terrestrial environments, no risk of gametes drying up or not finding their way. More efficient than external fertilization.

30
Q

Evolution of the Amniotes

A

The amniotes are a group of animals that all evolved from a common ancestor which produced amniotic eggs.

Includes reptiles, mammals and birds.

An amniotic egg was a major evolutionary innovation to terrestrial environments, allowing embryos to develop on land in a fluid filled sac (amnion).

This adaptation drastically reduced the dependence of these organisms on water for reproduction.

31
Q

Amniotic Eggs:

A

Amniotic eggs are composed of several membrane layers enclosing the developing embryo. Special mention is the amnion containing amniotic fluid which bathes and protects the embryo from drying out and impact.

32
Q

Amniotes:

A

Modes of Embryonic Development:

Develop in the physical environment.

Marsupial mammals (born very undeveloped and mature in an external pouch of the mother)

Placental mammals (mature inside the mothers uterus).

33
Q

Development in the physical environment

A

Reptiles, birds and monotremes (platypus, type of mammal) lay eggs containing undeveloped embryos into the physical environment.

Embryos are protected by a shell from dehydration, but are vulnerable to changing environmental conditions and predators.

34
Q

Embryonic Development:Marsupial Mammals

A

Very premature young are born.

They crawl into the mother’s pouch to complete their development. Milk is available there.

35
Q

Embryonic Development:Placental Mammals

A

Embryos develop within the uterus of the mother. Protected from environmental conditions and hopefully predators.

The embryo’s blood passes through the umbilical cord into the placenta where exchange of Oxygen/Carbon dioxide and Nutrients/Wastes occurs with the mother’s blood. No blood mixing occurs.

36
Q
  1. sponges (porifera)
A

Primitive Characteristics:

  • Sessile (do not move from place to place)
  • Lack symmetry
  • Intracellular digestion (suspension feeders, phagocytosis)
  • Exchange by simple diffusion only, no circulatory system
  • No nerve cells
  • External fertilization
37
Q
  1. Jellyfish, Anemomens and corals
A

Primitive Characteristics:

Sessile or planktonic
Radial symmetry
Exchange by simple diffusion only
External fertilization in sexual reproduction. Also asexual budding.

38
Q

Adaptations in the Cnidaria:

A

Simple extracellular digestion:
Gastrovascular cavity with one entrance / exit.
Differentiated tissues:
Tentacles with muscle and nerve tissue (nerve net). Can sense touch, muscles can contract causing tentacles to recoil. Also capable of stinging.

39
Q
  1. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
A 
Types: 
Turbellarians: free living in aquatic environments
Tapeworms
Parasitic
Fluke

Primitive Feature:
Exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes by direct diffusion only (no circulatory or respiratory systems)

Adaptations of flatworms: -Bilateral symmetry

  • Extracellular digestion in simple gastrovascular cavity (one entrance/exit)
  • Nerve cords and simple brain. Eye spots detect light.
  • Internal fertilization for sexual reproduction in turbellarians and also asexual reproduction.
40
Q
  1. Round Worms (Nematoda)
A

Adaptations:

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Internal fertilization of eggs
  • More complex digestive system (separate entrance and exit)

Primitive Characteristic:
No circulatory or respiratory system, exchange by direct diffusion.

41
Q
  1. Molluscs:Snails, Bivalves, Squid and Octopi
A

An extremely diverse group
Squids, Nautilus, Snails, Octopus

General Characteristics:
-An external shell. Exceptions in the cephalopods and slugs.

-Muscular foot for moving.
Modified in the cephalopods.

-Bilateral symmetry

Adaptations:
-Circulatory system
	Open: Bivalves and 
         snails
	Closed: Cephalopods
-Gills for gas exchange or simple lungs (terrestrial snails and slugs)
-Complex digestive tract
Cephalopods have brains and well-developed eyes.
42
Q
  1. Segmented worms (Annelida)
A

General Characteristics:

  • Bodies are segmented.
  • Live in water or moist soil environments
  • Earthworms eat soil as they move and digest any organic matter.
  • Leeches are predacious or parasitic.
43
Q
  1. Arthropods:Crustaceans, Insects and Spiders
A

Defining Characteristics:

  • Bodies segmented (3 main regions: head, thorax, abdomen)
  • Exoskeleton made of chitin
  • Jointed appendages

Adaptations:

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Simple respiratory system, but open circulatory system
  • Complex digestive system.
  • Complex sensory organs: eyes, antennae
  • Internal fertilization

Biology NYA (21 decks)

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