Lecture III: Scientific Method Flashcards

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1
Q

Two types of scientific investigation

A
  1. Discovery Based Science

2. Hypothesis Testing

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2
Q

Discovery Based Science is

A
  • Observing and describing what you see: observation of life, no preconceived ideas, collection and analysis of data.
  • Make a general statement based on lots of specific observations
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3
Q

Hypothesis Testing is

A
  • Answer ‘why’ questions by conducting experiments: Test a specific idea (hypothesis) to help answer the ‘why’ question, perform scientific experiments, part of the scientific method
  • From general observations and/or studying past research ask specific ‘why’ questions about the living world
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4
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Ask a ‘why’ question
  3. Formulate a hypothesis
  4. Make a prediction
  5. Tests your prediction
  6. Analyze and interpret results
  7. Formulate conclusions
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5
Q

Observation is to

A
  • Conduct discovery-based science on your own to collect new observations about a topic of interest.
  • Learn about other research that has been done in the past about this topic.
  • As scientists we build on the knowledge that has already been attained, test its validity and push to understand further.
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6
Q

Ask a ‘why’ question is to

don’t overthink it

A

Choose one observation that you would like to understand further and ask a why question.

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7
Q

A hypothesis is

A

An educated guess based on observations to answer the ‘why’ question.

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8
Q

Hypothesis is denoted by

A

‘H’ with a subscript if there are more than 1

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9
Q

you cannot prove that your hypothesis is ____, but you can prove that it is ____.

A

right, wrong

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10
Q

You cannot ____ your hypothesis, you can only _____ it

A

prove, support

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11
Q

Making a prediction predicts

A

the outcome of an experiment

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12
Q

Experiments need 3 types of variables

A
  1. The Independent variable
  2. The Dependent variable
  3. Controlled variables
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13
Q

The independent variable is

A

The variable that is being manipulated in the experiment

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14
Q

The experimental group should

A

determine whether the independent variable has the effect that you expected according to your hypothesis.

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15
Q

The control group will provide

A

a base for comparison with the experimental group(s).

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16
Q

The control groups will rule out

A

any other variables during the experiment as a possible cause for the results obtained.

17
Q

Ideally the control group should experience the _____ conditions as the _____ group(s) except for the _____ variable that is being manipulated.

A

same, experimental, independent

18
Q

The dependent variable is

A

The variable that is measured in the experiment

19
Q

Controlled variables are

A

Variables that you will keep the same for both the experimental and control groups

20
Q

Experimental design steps

A
  1. Define the hypothesis you are testing
  2. Define what the null hypothesis is
  3. Design a controlled experiment that could be repeated by someone else
21
Q

The null hypothesis is

A

The null hypothesis is the default position that the manipulation of the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable

22
Q

Important things to keep in mind during the experimental design

A
  1. Stay objective when performing your experiment and analysing your data.
  2. Make sure you have a large enough sample size to better represent what is happening in the real world.
  3. Make sure your experiment is repeatable.
23
Q

The sample size is

A

the number of organisms (or independent units of organisms) you have in your experimental and control groups.

24
Q

Formulating conclusions is deciding

A

Based on your statistical results, to determine whether you can reject the null hypothesis for your experiment.

25
Q

Analyzing and interpreting results using ____

A

statistics

26
Q

Hypothesis vs. Theory

A

A scientific theory is:

  1. Much broader in scope than a hypothesis.
  2. Supported by a much larger body of evidence than a hypothesis.