Lecture IV: Carbs/Lipids

Question 1

What are the 4 Macromolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids.

Question 2

What determines the properties of those macromolecules?

Answer 2

1: Arrangement of the carbon skeleton: its length, presence of double bonds, degree of branching, presence of ring formations:
2: Functional groups attached: Molecular components attached to the carbon skeleton that can significantly alter the properties of the organic molecules.

Question 3

What are the possible elements that make up organic matter?

Answer 3

H, O, N, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Fe, Mg, where CHON making up 96%,

Question 4

Describe covalent bonds:

Answer 4

Very strong, hold atoms within a macromolecule, electrons are shared between 2 atoms.

Question 5

Describe Hydrogen Bonds:

Answer 5

Weak attractions, form between some macromolecules that have polar charges, such as DNA.

Question 6

What are the Macromolecules made of?`

Answer 6

Monomers and polymers

Question 7

Describe a monomer/polymer

Answer 7

Monomers are Molecular subunits that make up polymers (except lipids), and polymers are formed when 2 or more monomers bond together.

Question 8

Name the monomers/polymers of the three classes of macros

Answer 8

Carbs: Mono/Di/Polysaccharide
Protein: Aminoacids or Di/Polypeptide
Nucleic acid: Nucleotide, Di/polynucleotide

Question 9

Learn the dehydration synthesis reaction, and learn the inverse reaction.

Answer 9

Water is released, and this iis how polymer chains are formed.

Question 10

Functions of carbohydrates:

Answer 10

1. short term energy storage

2. Structural components, like cellulose in plant cell walls, ribose and deoxyribose, etc.

Question 11

What are carbs made of?

Answer 11

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 12

What is glucose?

Answer 12

It is a monosaccharide
end product of photosynthesis, used as an energy source by most organisms, energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to make ATP (a form of energy for cellular work.)

Question 13

What is Deoxy/ribose?

Answer 13

Monosacchirides that are found in DNA/RNA, help with the formation of amino acids and proteins

Question 14

What is Starch?

Answer 14

Polysacchiride: Long chain plymer of glucose, and also the main energy storage for plants/ algae.

Question 15

What is glycogen?

Answer 15

Polysacchiride: Highly branched long chain of glucose, that can be used in animals as an main short term energy source.

Question 16

What is cellulose?

Answer 16

Polyscacchiride: Makes very tough fibers that make up plant cell alls, and gives structural support to plants, only a few organisms can digest it.

Question 17

What is Chitin?

Answer 17

Found in protective exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi, very strong surgical thread.

Question 18

What are the roles of Lipids?

Answer 18

Long term storage of energy, flaotation, isolation and portection, plasma membrane structural component, hormones and pigments.

Question 19

Describe the role, properties and structure of Tryglycerides

Answer 19

Long term energy stirage (animal/plants)
Floatation, isolation, protection of organs,
Structure: glycerol + three fatty acid chains
Properties: when saturated (no double carbon bonds) , solid at room temperature, and vice versa if unsaturated.

Question 20

Describe the main functions of phospholipids:

Answer 20

Main sturctural components of cell membranes: hypdrophilic head (glycerol + phosphate) and hydrophobic tail (fatty acid chains). They allow of the creation of compartments.

Question 21

Describe the role of steroids:

Answer 21

Group of lipids characterized by having 4 rings joined together.
Function: Structural component of the cell membranes (cholesterol)
act as chemical messengers
used to make vitamin D and bile.

Question 22

Role of waxes:

Answer 22

For the purpose of waterproofing/prevention of water loss.

Question 23

Carotenoids:

Answer 23

Yellow/orange pigments snthesized by plants and found in most living organisms