Other domestic reforms: Judiciary reforms Flashcards
When did these reforms happen?
1864
What did emancipation demand? (3)
An overhaul of the law, particularly concerning:
- Property rights
- Change in the administration of local justice
Who was formerly in charge of administering local justice?
Judges
What had there not been in the legal system? (3)
- Jury system
- Lawyers
- Examination of witnesses
What happened to the accused?
They were considered guilty until proven innocent
What was the new system modelled on?
The West
How was equality before the law established?
Through a system of local, provincial and national courts
Who dealt with peasant cases exclusively?
Volost courts
What now happened to the accused? (2)
- Presumed innocent until proven guilty
- Could employ a barrister to defend themselves
Who were criminal cases heard before? (2)
- Barristers
- Jury
Who were jury members chosen from?
Property owners
Who appointed judges?
The Tsar (and were given training and pay)
Who elected Local JPs and how often? (2)
The zemstva every 3 years
What were local JPS independent from?
Political control
How were courts changed? (2)
- Open to the public
- Proceedings could be freely reported
