Other concepts related to causation

Question 1

Factor must be present for the disease to occur → it must invariably precede an effect.

Answer 1

Necessary cause

Question 2

Cause that inevitably initiates or produce an effect → includes “component causes”.

Answer 2

Sufficient cause

Question 3

[4] Types of Casual Relationships

Answer 3

1. Necessary and sufficient
2. Necessary but not sufficient
3. Sufficient but no necessary
4. Neither sufficient nor necessary

Question 4

Without the factor, disease never develops.

With the factor, disease always develops (this situation rarely occurs)

Answer 4

Necessary and sufficient

Question 5

The factor in and of itself is not enough to cause disease.

Answer 5

Necessary but not efficient

Question 6

Multiple factors are required, usually in a specific temporal sequence (such as carcinogenesis).

Answer 6

Necessary but not efficient

Question 7

Factor alone can cause disease, but so can other factors in its absence.

Answer 7

Sufficient but not necessary

Question 8

The factor cannot cause disease on its own, nor is it the only factor that can cause that disease.

Answer 8

Neither sufficient nor necessary

Question 9

Immunity of a group or a community.

Answer 9

Herd immunity

Question 10

“resistance” of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individual members of the group.

Answer 10

Herd immunity

Question 11

Important factor underlying the dynamics of propagated epidemics.

Answer 11

Herd immunity