Natural history of Disease

Question 1

[2] two phases

Answer 1

1. Prepathogenesis
2. Pathogenesis

Question 2

Phase before man is involved.

[phases]

Answer 2

Prepathogenesis

Question 3

Through interaction of agent, host and environmental factors, agent finally reaches man.

[phases]

Answer 3

Prepathogenesis

Question 4

Includes the success invasion and establishment of the agent in the host.

v

Answer 4

Pathogenesis

Question 5

From incubation period to production of of the disease process until it is interrupted by detectable evidence (Clinical Horizon), treatment.

[phases]

Answer 5

Pathogenesis

Question 6

States that “Progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment”

Answer 6

CDC

Question 7

Pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease, in which the individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection and/or amenable to get exposed to and be harmed by a health determinant.

Answer 7

Stage of susceptibility

Question 8

During this stage, the individual in the population does not have the disease nor the infection; only the risk factors are present.

Answer 8

Stage of susceptibility

Question 9

Ends with the effective exposure.

Answer 9

Stage of susceptibility

Question 10

Failure leads to pathogenesis.

Answer 10

Adaptation

Question 11

The etiological factors (e.g. infectious agent, risk behaviours, environmental toxins) are present in the body and are causing pathological changes, but there are not yet any discernible signs or symptoms.

Answer 11

Stage of Presymptomatic Disease

Question 12

In this stage there is no manifest of disease but pathogenic changes have started to occur.

Answer 12

Stage of Presymptomatic Disease

Question 13

The time required for the agent to establish itself, multiply and produce toxins.

Answer 13

Stage of Presymptomatic Disease

Question 14

[2] Sub-clinical stages of disease.

Answer 14

1. Incubation period
2. Latency period

Question 15

Refers to the period of time at the onset of signs or symptoms of the disease.

Answer 15

Stage of Clinical Disease

Question 16

[3] Substages of Clinical stage

Answer 16

1. Morphologic subdivision
2. Functional subdivision
3. Therapeutic considerations

Question 17

This refers to changes in the structure of the body or its organs that can be observed through tests or imaging.

[Substages of Clinical stage]

Answer 17

Morphologic subdivision

Question 18

This focuses on how the disease affects organ function.

Substages of Clinical stage

Answer 18

Function subdivision

Question 19

The final stage in the natural history of disease concerns the outcome: recovery, disability or death.

Answer 19

Stage of Disability

Question 20

Some diseases run their course and then resolve completely either spontaneously or by treatment.

Answer 20

Stage of Disability

Question 21

Any temporary or long term reduction of a person’s activities.

Answer 21

Stage of disability

Question 22

[4] Levels of Prevention

Answer 22

1. Before risk factors
2. Pre-pathogenesis
3. Subclinical or very early clinical
4. Middle to late clinical

Question 23

Before risk factors; before the stage of susceptibility; preventing risk factors.

Answer 23

Primordial

Question 24

Pre-pathogenesis; risk factors are already present; prevent further risk factors; manage the risk factors that are existing.

Answer 24

Primary

Question 25

Subclinical or very early clinical; already experiencing signs and symptoms; diagnose and treat the disease.

Answer 25

Secondary

Question 26

Middle to late clinical; complications are present; prevent further disabilities and complications.

Answer 26

Tertiary

Question 27

Prevent development of risk factors. [levels of prevention]

Answer 27

Primordial

Question 28

Target: general population [levels of prevention]

Answer 28

Primordial

Question 29

Prevent disease: Reduction of risk factors Immunization Removal of harmful agents [levels of prevention]

Answer 29

Primary

Question 30

Target: susceptible groups (exposed to risk factors) [levels of prevention]

Answer 30

Primary

Question 31

Early detection Prompt treatment Cure disease at the earliest stage [levels of prevention]

Answer 31

Secondary

Question 32

Target: people who are sick but doesn’t know it yet or those individuals that are not yet diagnosed. [levels of prevention]

Answer 32

Secondary

Question 33

Complete treatment Limit disability Rehabilitation [levels of prevention]

Answer 33

Tertiary

Question 34

Target: diagnosed patients [levels of prevention]

Answer 34

Tertiary

Question 35

Method of grouping of diseases based on their specific features.

Answer 35

Classification of diseases

Question 36

Ensures universal criteria for diagnosing diseases.

Answer 36

Classification of disease

Question 37

Usually dependent on current level of knowledge about the disease.

Answer 37

Classification of diseases

Question 38

[2] Classification of Disease

Answer 38

1. Clinical 2. Etiologic

Question 39

Signs and symptoms. [classification of disease]

Answer 39

Clinical

Question 40

Presumed caused. [classification of disease]

Answer 40

Etiologic

Question 41

[2] General types of Data

Answer 41

1. Primary data 2. Secondary data

Question 42

Derived from another source that may have other objectives for collecting the data. [types of data]

Answer 42

Secondary data

Question 43

Collected by the researcher first hand. [types of data]

Answer 43

Primary data

Question 44

Queries and Observions [types of data]

Answer 44

Primary data

Question 45

Computerized bibliographic databases and Surveillance data [types of data]

Answer 45

Secondary data

Question 46

Primary purpose: establishment of legal documents as required by law.

Answer 46

Secondary: Civil Registry

Question 47

Major and most effective source of vital statistics.

Answer 47

Secondary: Civil Registry

Question 48

Cause of death together with ICD.

Answer 48

Secondary: Civil Registry

Question 49

[2] types of Civil Registry

Answer 49

1. Birth statistics 2. Death statistics

Question 50

Advantage: Enables the routine production of vital statistics essential for improving health outcomes, as well as the provision of small-area data.

Answer 50

Civil Registry

Question 51

Most visible evidence of a government’s existence of a person as a member of the society. [civil registry]

Answer 51

Birth statistics

Question 52

Problems: completeness of entries, unreliable data from the mother, neonatal defects undetected at birth. [civil registry]

Answer 52

Birth statistics

Question 53

Mortality data have the advantage of being almost totally complete because deaths are unlikely to go unrecorded. [civil registry]

Answer 53

Death statistics

Question 54

Acute flaccid paralysis, anthrax, adverse event following immunization, human avian influenza, measles, meningococcal disease, neonatal tetanus, paralytic shellfish poisoning, rabies, SARS, outbreaks, clusters of diseases, unusual diseases or threats. [notifiable disease]

Answer 54

Category 1

Question 55

Reported within 24 hours. [notifiable disease]

Answer 55

Category 1

Question 56

Acute blood diarrhea, acute encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic fever, acute viral hepatitis, bacterial meningitis, cholera, dengue, diphtheria, influenza-like, leptospirosis, Malaria, Non-neonatal tetanus, pertussis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever. [notifiable disease]

Answer 56

Category 2

Question 57

Reported within 72 hours. [notifiable disease]

Answer 57

Category 2

Question 58

[4] Data Quality and Utility

Answer 58

1. Nature of the data 2. Availability of the data 3. Completeness of population coverage 4. Vale and limitations

Question 59

Vital statistics, registries, surveys. [data quality & utility]

Answer 59

Nature of the data

Question 60

Accessibility to the researcher. [data quality & utility]

Answer 60

Availability of the data

Question 61

Representativeness. [data quality & utility]

Answer 61

Completeness of population coverage

Question 62

usefulness. [data quality & utility]

Answer 62

Vale and limitations.

Question 63

Freedom of Information.

Answer 63

Executive Order No. 2. 2016

Question 64

Data Privacy Act of 2012

Answer 64

Republic Act 10173

Question 65

Individual’s race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, political affiliations, etc.

Answer 65

Sensitive Personal Information RA 10173

Question 66

Individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person, etc.

Answer 66

Sensitive Personal Information (RA 10173)

Question 67

Issued by government agencies like SSS number, licenses, tax returns, etc.

Answer 67

Sensitive Personal Information (RA 10173)

Question 68

Voluntary release of information by one investigator or institution to another for purposes of scientific research.

Answer 68

Data sharing