Natural history of Disease Flashcards
[2] two phases
- Prepathogenesis
- Pathogenesis
Phase before man is involved.
[phases]
Prepathogenesis
Through interaction of agent, host and environmental factors, agent finally reaches man.
[phases]
Prepathogenesis
Includes the success invasion and establishment of the agent in the host.
v
Pathogenesis
From incubation period to production of of the disease process until it is interrupted by detectable evidence (Clinical Horizon), treatment.
[phases]
Pathogenesis
States that “Progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment”
CDC
Pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease, in which the individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection and/or amenable to get exposed to and be harmed by a health determinant.
Stage of susceptibility
During this stage, the individual in the population does not have the disease nor the infection; only the risk factors are present.
Stage of susceptibility
Ends with the effective exposure.
Stage of susceptibility
Failure leads to pathogenesis.
Adaptation
The etiological factors (e.g. infectious agent, risk behaviours, environmental toxins) are present in the body and are causing pathological changes, but there are not yet any discernible signs or symptoms.
Stage of Presymptomatic Disease
In this stage there is no manifest of disease but pathogenic changes have started to occur.
Stage of Presymptomatic Disease
The time required for the agent to establish itself, multiply and produce toxins.
Stage of Presymptomatic Disease
[2] Sub-clinical stages of disease.
- Incubation period
- Latency period
Refers to the period of time at the onset of signs or symptoms of the disease.
Stage of Clinical Disease
[3] Substages of Clinical stage
- Morphologic subdivision
- Functional subdivision
- Therapeutic considerations
This refers to changes in the structure of the body or its organs that can be observed through tests or imaging.
[Substages of Clinical stage]
Morphologic subdivision
This focuses on how the disease affects organ function.
Substages of Clinical stage
Function subdivision
The final stage in the natural history of disease concerns the outcome: recovery, disability or death.
Stage of Disability
Some diseases run their course and then resolve completely either spontaneously or by treatment.
Stage of Disability
Any temporary or long term reduction of a person’s activities.
Stage of disability
[4] Levels of Prevention
- Before risk factors
- Pre-pathogenesis
- Subclinical or very early clinical
- Middle to late clinical
Before risk factors; before the stage of susceptibility; preventing risk factors.
Primordial
Pre-pathogenesis; risk factors are already present; prevent further risk factors; manage the risk factors that are existing.
Primary
Subclinical or very early clinical; already experiencing signs and symptoms; diagnose and treat the disease.
Secondary
Middle to late clinical; complications are present; prevent further disabilities and complications.
Tertiary
Prevent development of risk factors.
[levels of prevention]
Primordial
Target: general population
[levels of prevention]
Primordial
Prevent disease:
Reduction of risk factors
Immunization
Removal of harmful agents
[levels of prevention]
Primary
Target: susceptible groups (exposed to risk factors)
[levels of prevention]
Primary
Early detection
Prompt treatment
Cure disease at the earliest stage
[levels of prevention]
Secondary
Target: people who are sick but doesn’t know it yet or those individuals that are not yet diagnosed.
[levels of prevention]
Secondary
Complete treatment
Limit disability
Rehabilitation
[levels of prevention]
Tertiary
Target: diagnosed patients
[levels of prevention]
Tertiary
Method of grouping of diseases based on their specific features.
Classification of diseases
Ensures universal criteria for diagnosing diseases.
Classification of disease
Usually dependent on current level of knowledge about the disease.
Classification of diseases
[2] Classification of Disease
- Clinical
- Etiologic
Signs and symptoms.
[classification of disease]
Clinical
Presumed caused.
[classification of disease]
Etiologic
[2] General types of Data
- Primary data
- Secondary data
Derived from another source that may have other objectives for collecting the data.
[types of data]
Secondary data
Collected by the researcher first hand.
[types of data]
Primary data
Queries and Observions
[types of data]
Primary data
Computerized bibliographic databases and Surveillance data
[types of data]
Secondary data
Primary purpose: establishment of legal documents as required by law.
Secondary: Civil Registry
Major and most effective source of vital statistics.
Secondary: Civil Registry
Cause of death together with ICD.
Secondary: Civil Registry
[2] types of Civil Registry
- Birth statistics
- Death statistics
Advantage: Enables the routine production of vital statistics essential for improving health outcomes, as well as the provision of small-area data.
Civil Registry
Most visible evidence of a government’s existence of a person as a member of the society.
[civil registry]
Birth statistics
Problems: completeness of entries, unreliable data from the mother, neonatal defects undetected at birth.
[civil registry]
Birth statistics
Mortality data have the advantage of being almost totally complete because deaths are unlikely to go unrecorded.
[civil registry]
Death statistics
Acute flaccid paralysis, anthrax, adverse event following immunization, human avian influenza, measles, meningococcal disease, neonatal tetanus, paralytic shellfish poisoning, rabies, SARS, outbreaks, clusters of diseases,
unusual diseases or threats.
[notifiable disease]
Category 1
Reported within 24 hours.
[notifiable disease]
Category 1
Acute blood diarrhea, acute encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic fever, acute viral hepatitis, bacterial meningitis, cholera, dengue, diphtheria, influenza-like, leptospirosis, Malaria, Non-neonatal tetanus, pertussis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
[notifiable disease]
Category 2
Reported within 72 hours.
[notifiable disease]
Category 2
[4] Data Quality and Utility
- Nature of the data
- Availability of the data
- Completeness of population coverage
- Vale and limitations
Vital statistics, registries, surveys.
[data quality & utility]
Nature of the data
Accessibility to the researcher.
[data quality & utility]
Availability of the data
Representativeness.
[data quality & utility]
Completeness of population coverage
usefulness.
[data quality & utility]
Vale and limitations.
Freedom of Information.
Executive Order No. 2. 2016
Data Privacy Act of 2012
Republic Act 10173
Individual’s race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, political affiliations, etc.
Sensitive Personal Information RA 10173
Individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person, etc.
Sensitive Personal Information (RA 10173)
Issued by government agencies like SSS number, licenses, tax returns, etc.
Sensitive Personal Information (RA 10173)
Voluntary release of information by one investigator or institution to another for purposes of scientific research.
Data sharing
