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Biostatistics & Epidemiology > Natural history of Disease > Flashcards

Natural history of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

[2] two phases

A
  1. Prepathogenesis
  2. Pathogenesis
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2
Q

Phase before man is involved.

[phases]

A

Prepathogenesis

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3
Q

Through interaction of agent, host and environmental factors, agent finally reaches man.

[phases]

A

Prepathogenesis

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4
Q

Includes the success invasion and establishment of the agent in the host.

v

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

From incubation period to production of of the disease process until it is interrupted by detectable evidence (Clinical Horizon), treatment.

[phases]

A

Pathogenesis

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6
Q

States that “Progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment”

A

CDC

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7
Q

Pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease, in which the individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection and/or amenable to get exposed to and be harmed by a health determinant.

A

Stage of susceptibility

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8
Q

During this stage, the individual in the population does not have the disease nor the infection; only the risk factors are present.

A

Stage of susceptibility

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9
Q

Ends with the effective exposure.

A

Stage of susceptibility

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10
Q

Failure leads to pathogenesis.

A

Adaptation

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11
Q

The etiological factors (e.g. infectious agent, risk behaviours, environmental toxins) are present in the body and are causing pathological changes, but there are not yet any discernible signs or symptoms.

A

Stage of Presymptomatic Disease

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12
Q

In this stage there is no manifest of disease but pathogenic changes have started to occur.

A

Stage of Presymptomatic Disease

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13
Q

The time required for the agent to establish itself, multiply and produce toxins.

A

Stage of Presymptomatic Disease

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14
Q

[2] Sub-clinical stages of disease.

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Latency period
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15
Q

Refers to the period of time at the onset of signs or symptoms of the disease.

A

Stage of Clinical Disease

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16
Q

[3] Substages of Clinical stage

A
  1. Morphologic subdivision
  2. Functional subdivision
  3. Therapeutic considerations
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17
Q

This refers to changes in the structure of the body or its organs that can be observed through tests or imaging.

[Substages of Clinical stage]

A

Morphologic subdivision

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18
Q

This focuses on how the disease affects organ function.

Substages of Clinical stage

A

Function subdivision

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19
Q

The final stage in the natural history of disease concerns the outcome: recovery, disability or death.

A

Stage of Disability

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20
Q

Some diseases run their course and then resolve completely either spontaneously or by treatment.

A

Stage of Disability

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21
Q

Any temporary or long term reduction of a person’s activities.

A

Stage of disability

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22
Q

[4] Levels of Prevention

A
  1. Before risk factors
  2. Pre-pathogenesis
  3. Subclinical or very early clinical
  4. Middle to late clinical
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23
Q

Before risk factors; before the stage of susceptibility; preventing risk factors.

A

Primordial

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24
Q

Pre-pathogenesis; risk factors are already present; prevent further risk factors; manage the risk factors that are existing.

A

Primary

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25
Q

Subclinical or very early clinical; already experiencing signs and symptoms; diagnose and treat the disease.

A

Secondary

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26
Q

Middle to late clinical; complications are present; prevent further disabilities and complications.

A

Tertiary

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27
Q

Prevent development of risk factors.

[levels of prevention]

A

Primordial

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28
Q

Target: general population

[levels of prevention]

A

Primordial

29
Q

Prevent disease:

Reduction of risk factors
Immunization
Removal of harmful agents

[levels of prevention]

A

Primary

30
Q

Target: susceptible groups (exposed to risk factors)

[levels of prevention]

A

Primary

31
Q

Early detection
Prompt treatment
Cure disease at the earliest stage

[levels of prevention]

A

Secondary

32
Q

Target: people who are sick but doesn’t know it yet or those individuals that are not yet diagnosed.

[levels of prevention]

A

Secondary

33
Q

Complete treatment
Limit disability
Rehabilitation

[levels of prevention]

A

Tertiary

34
Q

Target: diagnosed patients

[levels of prevention]

A

Tertiary

35
Q

Method of grouping of diseases based on their specific features.

A

Classification of diseases

36
Q

Ensures universal criteria for diagnosing diseases.

A

Classification of disease

37
Q

Usually dependent on current level of knowledge about the disease.

A

Classification of diseases

38
Q

[2] Classification of Disease

A
  1. Clinical
  2. Etiologic
39
Q

Signs and symptoms.

[classification of disease]

A

Clinical

40
Q

Presumed caused.

[classification of disease]

A

Etiologic

41
Q

[2] General types of Data

A
  1. Primary data
  2. Secondary data
42
Q

Derived from another source that may have other objectives for collecting the data.

[types of data]

A

Secondary data

43
Q

Collected by the researcher first hand.

[types of data]

A

Primary data

44
Q

Queries and Observions

[types of data]

A

Primary data

45
Q

Computerized bibliographic databases and Surveillance data

[types of data]

A

Secondary data

46
Q

Primary purpose: establishment of legal documents as required by law.

A

Secondary: Civil Registry

47
Q

Major and most effective source of vital statistics.

A

Secondary: Civil Registry

48
Q

Cause of death together with ICD.

A

Secondary: Civil Registry

49
Q

[2] types of Civil Registry

A
  1. Birth statistics
  2. Death statistics
50
Q

Advantage: Enables the routine production of vital statistics essential for improving health outcomes, as well as the provision of small-area data.

A

Civil Registry

51
Q

Most visible evidence of a government’s existence of a person as a member of the society.

[civil registry]

A

Birth statistics

52
Q

Problems: completeness of entries, unreliable data from the mother, neonatal defects undetected at birth.

[civil registry]

A

Birth statistics

53
Q

Mortality data have the advantage of being almost totally complete because deaths are unlikely to go unrecorded.

[civil registry]

A

Death statistics

54
Q

Acute flaccid paralysis, anthrax, adverse event following immunization, human avian influenza, measles, meningococcal disease, neonatal tetanus, paralytic shellfish poisoning, rabies, SARS, outbreaks, clusters of diseases,
unusual diseases or threats.

[notifiable disease]

A

Category 1

55
Q

Reported within 24 hours.

[notifiable disease]

A

Category 1

56
Q

Acute blood diarrhea, acute encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic fever, acute viral hepatitis, bacterial meningitis, cholera, dengue, diphtheria, influenza-like, leptospirosis, Malaria, Non-neonatal tetanus, pertussis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever.

[notifiable disease]

A

Category 2

57
Q

Reported within 72 hours.

[notifiable disease]

A

Category 2

58
Q

[4] Data Quality and Utility

A
  1. Nature of the data
  2. Availability of the data
  3. Completeness of population coverage
  4. Vale and limitations
59
Q

Vital statistics, registries, surveys.

[data quality & utility]

A

Nature of the data

60
Q

Accessibility to the researcher.

[data quality & utility]

A

Availability of the data

61
Q

Representativeness.

[data quality & utility]

A

Completeness of population coverage

62
Q

usefulness.

[data quality & utility]

A

Vale and limitations.

63
Q

Freedom of Information.

A

Executive Order No. 2. 2016

64
Q

Data Privacy Act of 2012

A

Republic Act 10173

65
Q

Individual’s race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, political affiliations, etc.

A

Sensitive Personal Information RA 10173

66
Q

Individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person, etc.

A

Sensitive Personal Information (RA 10173)

67
Q

Issued by government agencies like SSS number, licenses, tax returns, etc.

A

Sensitive Personal Information (RA 10173)

68
Q

Voluntary release of information by one investigator or institution to another for purposes of scientific research.

A

Data sharing

Biostatistics & Epidemiology (19 decks)

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