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Biostatistics & Epidemiology > Introduction to Epidemiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

;Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

Epi means?

A

upon

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3
Q

Demos means?

A

people

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4
Q

Logos means?

A

study of

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5
Q

Descriptive epidemiology.

A

Distribution

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6
Q

Distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events (person, place, time) [Who, where, when] within groups in a population.

A

Distribution

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7
Q

A branch of epidemiology that is about the causes; root cause; how and whys].
Search for causes or factors that are associated with increased risk or probability of disease “who” “what” “where” “when” “how” and “why”.

A

Determinants

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8
Q

Infectious diseases, chronic disease, environmental problems, behavioral problems, and injuries.

A

Health-related states

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9
Q

Groups of people rather than with individual patients.

A

Population

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10
Q

Control the numbers.

A

Population

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11
Q

Clinical medicine: signs and symptoms [getting the data from a specific person].

A

Population

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12
Q

signs and symptoms [getting the data from a
specific person].

A

Clinical medicine

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13
Q

In epidemiology, we are describing the situation and know the who, when, where, hows, and whys.

A

Clinical medicines

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14
Q

Applied or field epidemiology.

A

Control

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15
Q

Epidemiologic data results to public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems.

A

Control

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16
Q

[4] Steps in Solving Health Problems

A
  1. Data collection
  2. Assessment
  3. Hypothesis testing
  4. Action
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17
Q

Surveillance; determine time, place, and person.

[steps in solving health prob]

A

Data collection

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18
Q

Interference

[steps in solving health prob]

A

Assessment

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19
Q

Determine how and why.

[steps in solving health prob]

A

Hypothesis testing

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20
Q

Intervention

[steps in solving health prob]

A

Action

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21
Q

[3] Theories of Disease Causation

A
  1. Germ or Bacteriology Theory
  2. Filth theory
  3. Bad air
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22
Q

Associates disease with the physical environment.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Filth theory

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23
Q

Disease change with seasons, climate, temperature, overcrowding and filth.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Filth theory

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24
Q

Diseases were due to poisonous substances and gases from the earth.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Filth theory

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25
Q

was the cause of fever.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Bad air

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26
Q

Building huge fires can purify the air.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Bad air

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27
Q

Programs to remove filth likewise put up to serve to advance community sanitation.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Bad air

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28
Q

Koch confirmed Pasteur’s previous claims.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Germ or Bacteriology Theory

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29
Q

Disease is due to microscopic forms of life.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Germ or Bacteriology Theory

30
Q

Opened the concepts of isolation and quarantine.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Germ of Bacteriology Theory

31
Q

Measures to destroy and remove the bacteriological cause such as disinfection , fumigation and general cleanliness.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Germ of Bacteriology Theory

32
Q

Explained the origins and spread of communicable disease.

[theories of disease causation]

A

Bacteriology

33
Q

States that effects never depend on single isolated causes but rather develop as the result of chains of causation → result of complex genealogy and antecedents.

A

The web

34
Q

The host and agent are at the opposite ends of a hypothetical lever while the environment serves as the fulcrum.

A

Epidemiologic Lever

35
Q

External to the host and in which the agent
may exist, survive, or originate.

A

The environment

36
Q

physical, climatologic, biologic, social and
economic.

A

The environment

37
Q

water, humidity, geologic formations, etc.

[environment]

A

Physical

38
Q

characteristics of a group of people.

[environment]

A

Social

39
Q

enhance or diminish survival of agent.

A

Environment

40
Q

serve to bring agent and host into contact.

A

Environment

41
Q

reservoir that fosters the survival of infectious disease agent.

A

Environment

42
Q

Living organism or inanimate matter in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies on which the agent depends primarily for survival and reproduces itself in
such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.

A

Reservoir

43
Q

[3] Reservoir of infection

A
  1. Physical environment
  2. Animals or insects
  3. Human beings (main reservoirs)
44
Q

(+) infection and (+) disease

A

Cases

45
Q

(+) infection and (-) disease

A

Carriers

46
Q

Infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.

A

Zoonotic disease

47
Q

[2] ex of Zoonotic Disease

A

rabies
plague

48
Q

It is any element, substance, or force whether living or non-living, the presence or absence of which can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

A

Agent

49
Q

[2] types of agent.

A
  1. Non-living
  2. Living
50
Q

[3] Non-living agents

A
  1. Physical and mechanical
  2. Chemicals
  3. Nutrients
51
Q

Extremes of temperature, light, electricity, physical trauma.

[non-living]

A

Physical and Mechanical

52
Q

Exogenous and Endogenous

[non-living]

A

Chemical

53
Q

poisons.

A

Exogenous

54
Q

accumulation of toxic products of metabolism.

A

Endogenous

55
Q

Deficiency and Excess agents

[non-living]

A

Nutrients

56
Q

anemia from iron deficiency.

[nutrients]

A

Deficiency agents

57
Q

obesity from over-eating.

[nutrients]

A

Excess agents

58
Q

Biological organism capable of causing
disease.

A

Living agents

59
Q

He state that four postulates should be met before a causal relationship can be accepted between a particular bacterial parasite (or disease agent) and the disease in question.

A

Henle Koch 1877, 1882

60
Q

The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation in pure culture.

A

Henle Koch Postulate

61
Q

The agent must NOT be found in cases of other disease.

A

Henle Koch Postulate

62
Q

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experimental animals.

A

Henle Koch Postulate

63
Q

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in experimental animals.

A

Henle Koch Postulate

64
Q

The agent must be recovered from the experimental disease produced.

A

Henle Koch Postulate

65
Q

Disease results from an imbalance between disease agent and man.

A

Epidemiologic Lever

66
Q

[5] Types of Living Agents

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoans
  5. Helminthes
67
Q

[2] Pathogenicity

A
  1. High pathogenicity
  2. Low pathogenicity
68
Q

Bacillus anthracis

[pathogenicity]

A

High pathogenicity

69
Q

Candida albicans

[pathogenicity]

A

Low pathogenicity

70
Q

Nonliving intermediates that act as the agents of transmission by indirect contact are referred to as?

A

Fomites

Biostatistics & Epidemiology (19 decks)

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