Nature of Statistics and Data Processing Flashcards
Totality of methods and treatments employed in the collection, description, and analysis of numerical data. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to tell something about a particular group of observations.
Descriptive Statistics
Logical process from sample analysis to a generalization or conclusion about a population.
It is called statistical inference or inductive statistics.
Inferential Statistics
Consist of all the members of the group about which one wants to draw a conclusion.
Population
Portion or part of the population used to describe the whole group.
Sample
4 Random Sampling Technique
- Simple random sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Stratified random sampling
- Cluster sampling
Whose members had an equal chance of being selected from the population; it is also called probability sampling.
Random Sampling Technique
It is a process of selecting sample size in the population via random numbers or through lottery and not on a systematic pattern.
[random sampling technique]
Simple random sampling
It is a process of selecting a kth element in the population until the desired number of subjects or respondents is attained.
[random sampling technique]
Systematic sampling
A method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata.
[random sampling technique]
Stratified random sampling
It is a process of selecting clusters from a population which is very large or widely spread out over a wide geographical area.
[random sampling technique]
Cluster sampling
Sampling procedure where samples selected in a deliberate manner with little or no attention to randomization; it is also called non-probability sampling.
Non-random Sampling Process
It is a process of selecting a group of individuals who are available for study.
[non-random sampling]
Convenience sampling
It is a process of selecting based from judgment to select a sample which the researcher believed, based on prior information, will provide the data they need, it is also called as judgment sampling.
[non-random sampling]
Purposive Sampling
It is applied when an investigator survey collects information from an assigned number, or quota of individuals from one of several sample units fulfilling certain prescribed criteria or belonging to one stratum.
[non-random sampling]
Quota Sampling
It is a technique in which one or more members of a population are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population.
[non-random sampling]
Snowball Sampling
It is a technique when samples are composed of respondents who are self-selected into the study/survey. Most of the time, samples have a strong interest in the topic of the study.
[non-random sampling]
Voluntary Sampling
It is a technique when the researcher relies on his/her personal/sound judgment in choosing to participate in the study or the sample selected is based on the opinion of an expert.
[non-random sampling]
Judgement Sampling
Information gathered from the sample/population.
Data
Mutually exclusive and exhaustive; meaning it is used to differentiate classes or categories for purely classification or identification.
[noir]
Nominal
Weakest form of measurement.
[noir]
Nominal
Used in ranking. It is somewhat stronger form of measurement, because an observed value classified into one category is said to possess more of a property being scaled than does observed value classified into another category.
[noir]
Ordinal (order)
They provide meaningful insights into attitudes, preferences, and behaviors by understanding the order of responses.
[noir]
Ordinal
Used to classify order and differentiate between classes or categories in terms of degrees of differences.
[noir]
Interval
Temperature and time often make use of this type of measurement, enabling precise comparisons and calculations.
[noir]
Interval
Great for research in fields like science, engineering, and finance, where you need to use ratios, percentages, and averages to understand the data.
[noir]
Ratio
Concerned with editing, coding, classifying, tabulating and charting and diagramming research data.
Data processing
6 Stages of Data Processing
- Data collection
- Data preparation
- Data input
- Data processing
- Data output
- Data storage and report writing
First step in data processing.
[stages of data processing]
Data collection
It is important that the data sources available are trustworthy so the data collected is of the highest possible quality.
[stages of data processing]
Data collection
It enters once the data is collected.
[stages of data processing]
Data preparation
It is often referred to as “pre-processing”, this is where raw data is cleaned up and organized for the following stage of data processing.
[stages of data]
Data preparation
The purpose of this stage is to eliminate incomplete, or incorrect data and begin to create high quality data.
[stages of data processing]
Data preparation
The clean data is then entered.
[stages of data processing]
Data input
The first stage in which raw data begins to take the form of usable information.
[stages of data processing]
Data input
During this stage, the data inputted is being processed for interpretation.
[stages of data processing]
Data processing
In this stage at which data is finally usable to non-data scientists.
[stages of data processing]
Data output
It is translated to readable, and often in the form of graphs, videos, images or plain text.
[stages of data processing]
Data output
Final stage of data processing, it is stored for future use. Stages of data processing.
[stages of data processing]
Data storage
Conversion of verbal/written information into numbers which can be more easily encoded, counted and tabulated.
Data coding
4 types of Codes
- Field Code
- Bracket Code
- Factual Code
- Pattern Code
Actual value or information given by the respondent.
[types of code]
Field code
Recorded as a range of values rather than actual values.
[types of code]
Bracket code
Codes are assigned to a list of categories of a given variable.
[types of code]
Factual code
Applicable for questions with multiple responses.
[types of code]
Pattern code
A document which contains a record of all codes assigned to the responses to all questions in the data collection forms.
Coding Manual
Inspection and correction of any errors or inconsistencies in the information collected.
Data Editing
Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet
- MS Excel
- MS Access
- Epi Info
Data Encoding
2 Types of Editing
- Field editing
- Central editing
Reviewing the accomplished data collection forms.
[types of editing]
Field editing
Decoding of abbreviations or special symbols.
[types of editing]
Field editing
Making callbacks/messages for verification /clarification of incomplete answers.
[types of editing]
Field editing
Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after receiving the questionnaire from the field.
[types of editing]
Central editing
Checking of encoded data.
[types of editing]
Central editing
Formula used to determine how much of the population will be included as part.
Slovin’s Formula
