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Biostatistics & Epidemiology > Characteristics of Agents of Disease > Flashcards

Characteristics of Agents of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

[3] Characteristics of Agents of Diseases

A
  1. Inherent characteristics
  2. Characteristics directly related to man
  3. Characteristics related to the environment
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2
Q

[2] Inherent Characteristics

A
  1. Physical features
  2. Biologic requirements
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3
Q

Include morphology, motility, presence or absence of capsule, spore or cyst forms.

[inherent characteristics]

A

Physical features

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4
Q

Refers to the things needed by agent to survive.

[inherent characteristics]

A

Biologic requirements

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5
Q

[4] Characteristics directly related to man.

A
  1. Infectivity
  2. Pathogenicity
  3. Virulence
  4. Immunogenicity
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6
Q

The ability of an agent to invade and multiply in a host.

[characteristics directly related to man]

A

Infectivity

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7
Q

It is dependent on a number of factors including viability, portal of entry, susceptibility of the host, susceptible tissues and body defenses of the host.

[characteristics directly related to man]

A

Infectivity

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8
Q

Ability to produce clinically apparent illness.

[characteristics directly related to man]

A

Pathogenicity

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9
Q

Dependent on factors such as dosage, presence or absence of capsule, degree of toxigenicity, condition of the host.

[characteristics directly related to man]

A

Pathogenicity

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10
Q

Severity of the reaction produced and measured in terms of fatality.

[characteristics directly related to man]

A

Virulence

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11
Q

Infections ability to produce specific immunity.

[characteristics directly related to man]

A

Immunogenicity

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12
Q

[3] Characteristics in relation to the environment.

A
  1. reservoir
  2. sources of infection
  3. mode of transmission
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13
Q

Pathogenic microbe such as virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, rickettsia.

A

Infectious (causative) agent

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14
Q

Source of infection agent or place where the microbe could grow, survive and multiply which could be in humans, animals, food, water, soil or equipment.

A

Reservoir

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15
Q

A way or manner where an infectious agent can leave the reservoir host which could be through secretions and exudates, tissue specimens, blood, feces or urine.

A

Exit pathway

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16
Q

Airborne, direct (touching or kissing) or indirect contact (contaminated objects), droplets (coughing or sneezing), vector (insect, anthropod or animal) and vehicle (food, water or drugs).

A

Means of transmission

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17
Q

Refers to the way an infectious agent enters a host that is susceptible to infection which includes body orifices, mucous membranes, and breaks in skin.

A

Entry pathway

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18
Q

Someone who is prone to infection due to age, health or immune status. They usually include the elderly, newborn, patients who are immune suppressed, unvaccinated, and those suffering from acute or chronic illness.

A

Susceptible host

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19
Q

Refer to the mechanisms by which an infectious agent is transported from reservoir to susceptible human host.

A

Mode of transmission

20
Q

[3] three modes of pathogen
transmission:

A
  1. Contact transmission
  2. Vehicle transmission
  3. Vector transmission
21
Q

A host is exposed to infectious agents by making contact with the agent or items contaminated with the pathogen so it can reach a portal of entry into the host.

A

Contact transmission

22
Q

[3] three types of contact transmission

A
  1. Direct contact
  2. Indirect contact
  3. Droplet
23
Q

There is no intermediary between infected and uninfected individuals.

[contact transmission]

A

Direct contact

24
Q

It encompasses such things as touching, kissing, and sexual interactions.

[contact transmission]

A

Direct contact

25
Q

Diseases transmitted through direct contact include:
- Hepatitis A
- Staphylococcal infections
- Sexually transmitted diseases.

[contact transmission]

A

Direct contact

26
Q

Nonliving intermediates that act as the agents of transmission by indirect contact are referred to as fomites.

[contact transmission]

A

Indirect contact

27
Q

Takes place through intermediates:
- Tissues, Handkerchiefs
- Towels
- Bedding
- Contaminated needles (the latter easily transferring HIV and hepatitis B)

[contact transmission]

A

Indirect contact

28
Q

It is seen in the transfer of respiratory diseases such as influenza and whooping cough.

[contact transmission]

A

Droplet

29
Q

Usually small residues which result from evaporation of fluid from droplets emitted by an infected host.

[contact transmission]

A

Droplet

30
Q

It can occur through sneezing, coughing, and even laughing.

[contact transmission]

A

Droplet

31
Q

Involves pathogens riding along on supposedly clean components.

[mode of transmission]

A

Vehicle transmission

32
Q

Air is a difficult vehicle to control.

[mode of transmission]

A

Vehicle transmission

33
Q

Pathogens are transmitted by carriers, usually arthropods:

[mode of transmission]

A

Vector transmission

34
Q

[2] two types of vector transmission:

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Biological
35
Q

Pathogens are on vector’s body parts and are passively brushed off and onto the host.

[vector transmission]

A

Mechanical vector

36
Q

Pathogens are within the vector and transmission to the host is through a bite.

[vector transmission]

A

Biological vector

37
Q

Goes through chain of events leading from inapparent infection to a clinical case of the disease.

A

The host

38
Q

Range of infection, from inapparent to severe disease.

A

Gradient infection

39
Q

Severity of illness depends on resistance of the host (immunity level).

A

The host

40
Q

This is the total property of an individual to protect himself from an infectious agent.

A

Immunity

41
Q

[4] Immunity

A
  1. Humoral defense
  2. Cellular defense
  3. Non-specific resistance
  4. Specific resistance
42
Q

Action of antibodies.

[immunity]

A

Humoral defense

43
Q

Involves white blood cells that protects our body from diseases.

[immunity]

A

Cellular defense

44
Q

Present at the time of birth or has developed during maturation.

[immunity]

A

Non-specific resistance

45
Q

Acquired as a result prior exposure with a foreign substance.

[immunity]

A

Specific resistance

46
Q

Recognize some foreign objects to protect our body.

[immunity]

A

Specific resistance

47
Q

[3] Characteristics of the Host

A
  1. Non-specific Defense Mechanisms
  2. Specific defense
  3. Mechanisms

Biostatistics & Epidemiology (19 decks)

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