Other cardiac pathologies Flashcards
bradycardia
<50 bpm
SA node injury
Tachycardia
> 100 bpm
- fear, p!, emotion, exertion
- fever, CHF, infection, anemia, hemorrhage, hyperthyroidism
myocarditis
- inflammation of myocardium
- usually caused by viral infection
- can lead to HF, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, sudden death
Causes for Diabetic Heart Disease
- metabolic effects due to FFA and insulin resistance
- myocardial fibrosis and ECM changes
- autonomic dysfunction reduced HRR
- reduced perfusion due to small vessel disease
Pericarditis
- swelling/irritation of pericardium
Pericarditis causes
may be caused by viral infection or MI, but often idiopathic
Pericarditis is often associated with
- autoimmune diseases (RA, SLE)
- radiation therapy
- comorbidity with renal failure
Pericarditis treatment
focus on symptom management
Pericarditis signs/symptoms
- sharp chest pain (pleural membrane rubbing)
- pericardial rub sound
- pleuritic chest p! worse in supine, inhaling deeply, or cough. relieved by leaning forward
Constrictive Pericarditis
- fibrotic, thickened, adherent pericardium
- constricting secondary to limited expansion during systole
- restricted movement and function
- often causes R sided HF
Constrictive Pericarditis leads to
- reduced EDV
- CO and venous pressure increase
Pericardial effusion
- fluid accumulation within pericardial sac
- compresses the heart, reduces ventricular diastolic filling, reduces CO
Pericardial effusion cause
- blunt force trauma
- acute pericarditis
Aneurysm
- abnormal dilation in wall of artery, vein, or heart with a diameter at least 50% greater than normal
How is an Aneurysm named?
By location:
- aortic
- thoracic aortic
- abdominal aortic
- femoral and popliteal
In a true aneurysm, layers of the vessel dilate in the following way
- saccular
- fusiform
- dissecting
saccular
unilateral outpouching
fusiform
diffuse dilation involving the entire circumference of the artery wall
dissecting
bilateral outpouching.
layers of vessel wall separate. create a cavity
False Aneurysm
wall ruptures, and a blood clot is retained in outpouching of tissue
Ductus arteriosus
- normal fetal artery that links pulmonary artery to aorta
- blood bypasses RV (pulmonary circulation)
When is the ductus arteriosus closed?
- within 15 hrs of birth
- permanently within 2-3 weeks
what does the ductus arteriosus eventually become?
ligamentum arteriosum
ductus venosus
- shunts portion of umbillical cord blood directly to IVC
- allows blood from placenta to bypass liver and enter center circulation
when does the ductus venosus open and close?
open: at birth
close: 3-7 days
Patent foramen ovale
- most need no intervention
- provide passageway for thrombus movement anticlotting medication
- open surgery
Patent ductus arteriosus
- occluded by plug inserted via catheter
- closed off by physically tying off
- approach: thoracotomy
Patent ductus venosus
treated with meds, catheter based procedures, and sx
Ventricular septal defect
hole in wall separating two lower chambers of the heart
Ventricular septal defect symptoms
dependent on size of hole:
- eventually LV works too hard, fails
- pulmonary HTN
requires surgical repair
Hypoplastic L heart syndrome
underdeveloped L side of heart.
Aorta and LV too small and holes in artery and septum didn’t properly mature/close
Congenital Heart Defect Symptoms
- increased HR
- increased RR
- slowed growth
- dyspnea, orthopnea
- fatigue
- URI
