Other cardiac pathologies Flashcards
bradycardia
<50 bpm
SA node injury
Tachycardia
> 100 bpm
- fear, p!, emotion, exertion
- fever, CHF, infection, anemia, hemorrhage, hyperthyroidism
myocarditis
- inflammation of myocardium
- usually caused by viral infection
- can lead to HF, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, sudden death
Causes for Diabetic Heart Disease
- metabolic effects due to FFA and insulin resistance
- myocardial fibrosis and ECM changes
- autonomic dysfunction reduced HRR
- reduced perfusion due to small vessel disease
Pericarditis
- swelling/irritation of pericardium
Pericarditis causes
may be caused by viral infection or MI, but often idiopathic
Pericarditis is often associated with
- autoimmune diseases (RA, SLE)
- radiation therapy
- comorbidity with renal failure
Pericarditis treatment
focus on symptom management
Pericarditis signs/symptoms
- sharp chest pain (pleural membrane rubbing)
- pericardial rub sound
- pleuritic chest p! worse in supine, inhaling deeply, or cough. relieved by leaning forward
Constrictive Pericarditis
- fibrotic, thickened, adherent pericardium
- constricting secondary to limited expansion during systole
- restricted movement and function
- often causes R sided HF
Constrictive Pericarditis leads to
- reduced EDV
- CO and venous pressure increase
Pericardial effusion
- fluid accumulation within pericardial sac
- compresses the heart, reduces ventricular diastolic filling, reduces CO
Pericardial effusion cause
- blunt force trauma
- acute pericarditis
Aneurysm
- abnormal dilation in wall of artery, vein, or heart with a diameter at least 50% greater than normal
How is an Aneurysm named?
By location:
- aortic
- thoracic aortic
- abdominal aortic
- femoral and popliteal
In a true aneurysm, layers of the vessel dilate in the following way
- saccular
- fusiform
- dissecting
saccular
unilateral outpouching
fusiform
diffuse dilation involving the entire circumference of the artery wall
dissecting
bilateral outpouching.
layers of vessel wall separate. create a cavity
False Aneurysm
wall ruptures, and a blood clot is retained in outpouching of tissue
Ductus arteriosus
- normal fetal artery that links pulmonary artery to aorta
- blood bypasses RV (pulmonary circulation)
When is the ductus arteriosus closed?
- within 15 hrs of birth
- permanently within 2-3 weeks
what does the ductus arteriosus eventually become?
ligamentum arteriosum
ductus venosus
- shunts portion of umbillical cord blood directly to IVC
- allows blood from placenta to bypass liver and enter center circulation
