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MEH > Other Carbohydrates Metabolism > Flashcards

Other Carbohydrates Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Why is Cellulose not digested in Human GI Tract?

A

We lack the enzyme required to break the Beta 1-4Glycosidic bonds in cellulose

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2
Q

Carbohydrates Strucutre

A

Contain CHO
COntain and ALdehyde group or Keto group
Many Hydroxyls -OH

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3
Q

Carbohydrate function

A

Used as Fuel by tissues
Used to synthesis cellular polymer like nuclei acids, glycoproteins and glycolipids

Excess Carbs converted to Glycogen
When GLycogen stores full Carbs converted to Triacylglycerols

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4
Q

Locations of carbohydrate metabolism and enzymes present

A

Mouth - Salivary Amylase
Small Intestine - Pancreatic amylase(breaks a1-4 bonds), isomaltase(a1-6bonds), Lactase, Sucrase

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5
Q

How are the enzymes found in the small intestine

A

They are transmembrane bound proteins found embedded on the surface of the brush border cells of i the intestinal epithelial cells

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6
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed from the gut lumen into the blood?

A

SGLT1 from intestine lumen into Epitehlial cell
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

GLUT2 from epithelial cell into Blood
FACILITATED DIFFUSISON

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7
Q

SGLT1 Stands for

A

Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1

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8
Q

GLUT GLucose Transporter 5 types:

A

GLUT1: Adult RBCs,Blood-Brain Barrier, Fetal Tissue
GLUT2: Kidney, liver, S INTESTINE, B CELLS PANCREAS
GLUT3: Nerons, Placenta
GLUT4:INSULIN REGULATED, Adipose Tissue, Striated Muscle
GLUT5: Spermatazoa, intestine

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9
Q

General 4 steps of Carb Catabolism

A

Stage 1: Break down into basic molecules
Stage 2: Break down intermediates and produce reduced cofactors
Stage 3: Krebs cycle, make some intermediates, reduced coenzymes and energy
Stage 4: OXidative Phosphorylation, Make lots of ATP, and regenerates reducing power

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10
Q

What is LActose Intolerance (BASIC)

A

Inability to digest Lactose
Due to deficiency in Lactase enzyme

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11
Q

3 Types of Lactase Deficiency causing Lactose Intolerance

A

Primary Lactase Deficiency
Secondary Lactase Deficiency
Congenital Lactase Deficiency

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12
Q

What Causes Primary Lactase Deficiency

A

Lack of Lactase Persistence allele in adults

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13
Q

What causes Secondary Lactase Deficiency

A

Small intestine injury (Where lactase is found)
GASTROENTRITIS
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
CHRON’S DISEASE
COELIAC DISEASE

Usually reversible

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14
Q

What causes Congenital Lactase Deficiency?

A

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance of defective Lactase gene

Can’t Digest Breast Milk

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15
Q

Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance

A

Bloating
Diarrhoea
Flatulence
Abdominal pain/cramps

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16
Q

Lactose Intolerancee symptoms explained

A

Lactose not digested by body
Bacteria in small intestine break it down releasing gases (bloating and pain)
causes water to be pulled into intestines (diarrhoea)

17
Q

Fructose 2 Key Metabolic Enzymes

A

Fructokinase
Aldolase

18
Q

Fructokinase Function

A

Phosphorylates Fructose to Fructose-1P

19
Q

Aldolase Function

A

Converts Fructose-1P to Glyceraldehyde and DHAP (DihydroxyacetoneP)

20
Q

Fructose Metabolism End Goal

A

Make Gylceraldehyde-3-P to enter GLYCOLYSIS

21
Q

What causes Fructose Intolerance?

A

ALDOLASE DEFICIENT

22
Q

Fructose Intolerance Consequences

A

Fructose-1-P accumulates in Liver causing damage and death

23
Q

Where does Lactose Come from?

A

Lactose = Glucose and Galactose

24
Q

Galactose metabolism 2 Key Enzymes

A

Galactokinase
uridyl transferase

25
Q

Galactokinase Function

A

Phosphorylates Galactose to GALACTOSE-1-P

26
Q

Uridyl Transferase Function in Galactose metabolism

A

Needed in the process to convert Galactose-1-P into Glucose-1P

27
Q

What is Galactosaemia?

A

Inability to utilise Galactose

28
Q

2 reasons Galactosameia can happen

A

Deficient in enzymes:
-Galactokinase
-Uridyl Transferase

29
Q

What happens to galactose in Galactokinase deficiency Galactosaemia:

A

Galactose accumulates
Enters Galactitiol/ALDOSE REDUCTASE pathway
Which depletes NADPH

30
Q

Galactokinase deficient Galactosaemia consequences:

A

NADPH stores depleted from Galactitol pathway
So eye lens strucutre damaged since no NADPH to help prevent inappropriate formation of disulphide bonds between crystallin proteins CAUSING CATARACTS
Galactose and Galactiitol Build up in eye can increase intra-Ocular Pressure which can cause blindness

31
Q

Symptoms of kinase deficienct Galactosaemia:

A

Cataracts
Blindness (Increased Intra ocular pressure)

32
Q

How does Uridyl Transferase Deficient Galactosaemia compare to Galactokinase deficient Galactosaemia?

A

Galactose and Galactose-1-P accumulate
Worse than kinase deficiency

33
Q

Uridyl Transferase Deficient Galactosaemia symptoms:

A

Organ damage/failure: liver, kidney and brain
Cataracts
Blindness

MEH (33 decks)

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