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MEH > Haemopoiesis, The Spleen And Bone Marrow ILOs > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis, The Spleen And Bone Marrow ILOs Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells from bone marrow

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2
Q

Bone marrow distribution in infants

A

All throughout the skeleton

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3
Q

Bone marrow distribution in Adults

A

Limited
Pelvis, skull, ribs, sternum and vertebrae

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4
Q

Haemopoiesis in the embryo

A

IN vasculature of the yolk sac to start
Then in the foetal liver between weeks 5-8

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5
Q

Haemopoiesis starts off with Haematopoietic stem cells:
They differentiate into 2 cell types:

A

Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells
Common Lymphoid Progenitor Cells

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6
Q

Common Myeloid Progenitor cells differentiate into 3 Types of cell:

A

Megakaryocytes
Erthryocytes
Myeloblasts

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7
Q

Myeoblasts differentiate into:

A

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils
AND
Monocytes

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8
Q

Common Lymphoid Progenitor cell differentiations into 2 different lymphocytes

A

T-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes

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9
Q

T-Lymphocyte development

A

In foetal liver and Thymus

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10
Q

B-Lymphocyte development

A

Foetal liver and Bone Marrow

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11
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red cells

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12
Q

Protein Secreted by the KIDNEY to stimulate erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

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13
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

The formation of Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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14
Q

Thrombopoietin function

A

Protein that simulates formation of Megakaryocytes therefore stimulates THROMBOPOIESIS

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15
Q

What is a THROMBOCYTE?

A

Important in blood clotting
Membrane bound cytoplasm that has budded off from a Megakaryocyte

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16
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Formation of Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils) from Myeloblast cells which originate from Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

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17
Q

Monocytopoiesis

A

Production of monocytes from Myeoblasts which originate from Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells
Monocytes differentiate into either MACROPHAGES OR DENTRITIC CELLS

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18
Q

Macrophage function

A

Phagocytose foreign substances in the body

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19
Q

DENTRITIC Cells

A

Antigen presenting cells
Present the antigens of pathogens they have engulfed to Lymphocytes

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20
Q

Erythrocyte function

A

Transport Oxygen from lungs to tissues by carrying haemoglobin
Transport CO2 form the tissues back to the lungs

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21
Q

Erythrocyte Structure

A

No nucleus
Bioconcave
No mitochondria
Lipid bilayer contains proteins that maintain the structure of the cell so that it remains bioconcave and flexible

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22
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

A gene mutation of at least one of the proteins that is responsible in maintaining phospholipid bilayer of the erythrocyte and therefore its bioconcave shape

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23
Q

Spleen function

A

A filter of the blood

24
Q

Spleen general structures

A

Splenic Artery (Brings BLood To Spleen)
Red Pulp = Sinusoids containing Macrophages RED Cells Pass through it
White Pulp = Plasma and white cells pass through it
Splenic vein
Splenic artery linked to splenic vein by a portal system

25
Q

BLood Pooling in the SPleen

A

RED Cells and platelets accumulate in the spleen so they can be quickly mobilised during bleeeding

26
Q

WHite pulp importance

A

Lots of antibodies synthesised here
Removes antibody covered bacteria and RBCs

27
Q

Red Pulp Importance

A

Macrophages engulf and destroy old RBCs here

28
Q

Extramedullary Haemopoiesis

A

When haemopoiesis occurs not in the bone marrow
E.g: Spleen and Liver
Can cause Splenomegaly

29
Q

What is Splenomegaly?

A

Enlarged Spleen

30
Q

Splenomegaly is caused by

A

-Extra-medullary Haemopoiesis
-Hypertension of hepatic portal vein from liver disease (blood can’t leave spleen)
-Overwork of spleen (causes increase in pulp size)
-Expanding as infiltrated by cells (Blood cancers/Leukeamia)
-Expanding as infiltrated by materials (Sarcoidosis)

31
Q

Dangers of Splenomegaly

A

Spleen no longer fully protected by rib cage, risk of rupture
Need to avoid contact sports

32
Q

Hyposplenism is

A

Lack of functioning splenic tissue

33
Q

Hyposplenism caused by

A

Splenectomy
Sickle cell disease ( Red cells not bioconcave, get stuck in spleen)
Gastrointestinal diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohns Disease and coeliac disease)
Autoimmune disorders (Rhuematioid Arthiritis and Hashimotos Disease)

34
Q

Hyposplenism = BIG RISK OF

A

SEPSIS
Encapsulated bacteria very hard for immune system to combat without maximum splenic function

35
Q

Indication of Hyposplenism

A

Presence of Howell Jolly Bodies in Blood Film
Normally are removed

36
Q

Normal Range

A

Includes 95% of population
Values outside range not always abnormal
Results may be in normal range but it may be a significant change within the normal (this is abnormal)
Normal range changes with age, sex and comorbidities

37
Q

Significance of reticulocyte count

A

Indication of production of erythrocytes and therefore activity of the bone marrow

38
Q

Haematocrit (HcT)

A

Proportion of blood that is made up of red blood cells

39
Q

Haemoglobin Concentration

A

A Parameter for accessing Full Blood Counts

40
Q

Red Cell Count (RCC)

A

Number of Red Cells in a given vol of blood

41
Q

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

A

Helps determine cause of anaemia

42
Q

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

A

Variation in size or red blood cells
Helps determine the stage of anaemia
So if anaemia has just started there will be a wide range of sizes
If its been happening a long time, all cells would be small so RDW is low since they are all similar

43
Q

Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH)

A

Average amount of haemglobin in a RBC
Used to asses

44
Q

Microcytic

A

Small MCV (Mean Cell Volume)

45
Q

Macrocytic

A

High MCV (Mean Cell Volume)

46
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Increased variation non red cell size (RDW Red Cell Distribution Width)

47
Q

Hypochromic

A

Low Mean CEll Haemoglobin

48
Q

Hyperchromic

A

High Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH)

49
Q

Dimorphism

A

2 distinct populations of red cells

50
Q

Polychromatic

A

Reticulocytes

51
Q

Megakaryocyte function

A

Produce Thrombocytes

52
Q

Eosinophils FUnction

A

MEdiator of allergic responses
Immune response to parasites

53
Q

In appropriate activation of eosinophils

A

Causes inflammation (asthma) and tissue damage

54
Q

Basophils

A

Active in allergies and inflammatory conditions

55
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B Cells make antibodies
T Cells (Produce T cell receptors to recognise antigens)
Natural Killer Cells

MEH (33 decks)

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