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Y1 - MEH > Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamic pituitary axis?

A

A functional unit composing of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

The socket of bone protecting the pituitary

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior
Posterior

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4
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary not actually a gland?

A

It does not produce hormones it only stores them and secretes them

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5
Q

What embryolicggal origin did the anterior pituitary originate from

A

Oral/epithelial ectoderm

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6
Q

What did posterior pituitary originate from

A

Neuroectoderm

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7
Q

What a nuclei in the brain?

A

A collection of neurones

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8
Q

What are the names of the nuclei which produce Oxytocni and ADH in the hypothalamus?

A

Supraoptic
Paraventricular

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9
Q

What is the type of secretion which hormones travel down axons, stored and released?

A

Nerocrine secretion

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10
Q

Where are hormones made in the Hypothalamus stored before release into the hypophyseal portal system?

A

The median eminence

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11
Q

What is the function of the hormones made in the hypothalamus and stored in the median eminence?

A

Target endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary (neurocrine)

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12
Q

What affects do hormones made in the anterior pituitary have?

A

Endocrine (released into blood and affect distant cells)
Autocrine
Paracrine

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13
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone which targets and affects release of other hormones

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14
Q

What is a trophic hormone?

A

Hormones that regulate growth

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15
Q

What are the 6 tropic hormones made in the hypothalamus?

A

TRH Thyrotropin releasing hormone
PRH Prolactin releasing hormone (not important)
PIH Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (dopamine)
CRH Corticotropin releasing hormone
GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormne
GHRH GGrowth hormone releasing hormone
GHIH Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (Somatostatin

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16
Q

What dos the RH part of the hormone name mean

A

Releasing hormone

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17
Q

Hormones made by the anterior pituitary

A

TSH Thhroid stimulating hormone
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
LH Luteinidisingg hormone
FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
PRL Prolactin
GH Growth hormone

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18
Q

What are the factors affecting ggrowth

A

Hormones (GGrowth hormne is most important)
Nutrition
Environment
Genetics

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19
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell death by damage

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20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cel death

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21
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size or decrease in cell number

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22
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

23
Q

HYpertrophy

A

Increase in cell size (e.g muscle fibres get bigger when trained)

24
Q

Where is GGrowth hormone produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

25
Q

What are the hormones which stimulate and inhibit production of GH

A

GHRH made in hypothalamus STIMULATES
Somatostatin made in hypothalamus INHIBITS

26
Q

What type of hormone is GH

A

Protein/peptide hormone (191 amino acids)

27
Q

What are 2 types of affects GH

A

Direct
Indirect (promotes Insulin-like growth factors (IGF1 and IGF2)

28
Q

Where does GH cause IGFs to be produced?

A

Liver
Skeletal muscle

29
Q

WHy is GH essential for normal growth during childhood and teenage years? (when epiphyseal plates have not sealed)

A

GH directly stimulates long bone Growth
IGFs stimulate bone growth and cartilage growth

30
Q

What do GH and IGFs do in adults? (So once epiphyseal plates in bone close)?

A

Maintain bone and muscle mass
Promote healing and tissue repair

31
Q

What affects production of GH

A

Deep sleep increases
REM sleep decreases
Stress Increase
Excersie increases
Dedcresased glucose/fatty acids decreases
Increase glucose/fatty acids decreases
Fasting increase
Obesity decreases

32
Q

What is the long loop negative feedback regulation of GH?

A

IGFs:
inhibits release of GHRH
Stimulates release of somatostatin = GHIH
Inhibits release of GH from anterior pituitary

33
Q

Short loop negative feeback regulation of GH secretion

A

GH regulates itself by stimulating release of somatostatin which inhibits GH releases

33
Q

Short loop negative feeback regulation of GH secretion

A

GH regulates itself by stimulating release of somatostatin which inhibits GH releases
Somatostatin = GHIH

34
Q

What does GH deficiency in childhood causes? (Before epiphyseal plates close)

A

Pituitary dwarfism
(Slow ggrowth, delayed/no sexual development)

35
Q

What does excess GH cause in childhood and adults?

A

Childhood = Gigantism
Adulthood = Acromegaly

36
Q

What is Gigantism normally caused by

A

Pituitary adenoma (Benign Tumor in pituitary)

37
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Large extremities
(Hands, greet and lower jaw)

38
Q

What 2 neurocrine pathways do the hormones produced by the hypothalamus act in?

A

Oxytocin and ADH travels down axons from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary where it is stored it’s later released to act on distant target tissues

Tropic hormones secreted into hypophyseal portal system affect endocrine cells in anterior pituitary

39
Q

What are the functions of the 2 hormones made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin (Milk let down and uterus contractions in childbirth)

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin) Regulates body water volume by causing body to absorb more water so less released in urine

40
Q

How does GH exert its affect on cells?

A

Binds to receptor activating Janus Kinases (JAKs)
These JAKs Phosphorylates themselves
This activates a transcription factor causing production of IGFs

41
Q

What does IGF stand for?

A

Insulin like Growth factors

42
Q

What is the role of IGF1 and IGF2

A

IGF1 major growth factor in adults
IGF2 mainly Fetal growth

43
Q

What are the 3 types of action IGFs can work by?

A

Autocrine (act on cell that made them)
Paracrine (act on adjacent cells by diffusing through gap junctions)
Endocrine (release in blood to distant tissues)

44
Q

What do IGFs modulate?

A

Hypertrophy (cell growth)
Hyperplasia (Cell number)
Increase rate of protein synthesis
Increase rate of lipolysis

45
Q

Where is TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) synthesised, where does it affect and what effect does it have?

A

TRH made in Hypothalamus
Stimulates anterior pituitary to produce TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
TSH stimulates Thyroid gland to produce Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Thyroid hormones affect metabolic rate

46
Q

Where is CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) synthesised, where does it affect and what effect does it have?

A

CRH made in the hypothalamus
Stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones like Cortisol
Cortisol is important in stress response metabolic actions

47
Q

Where is PIH (Prolactin release-inhibiting Hormone) synthesised, where does it affect and what effect does it have?
Name a type of Prolcatin-release inhibiting hormone

A

PIH made in the Hypothalamus
PIH inhibits anterior pituitary from producing prolactin
Lack of prolactin causes lack of breast growth and milk secretion (mammary glands affected)

Dopamine inhibits production of prolactin so is a PIH

48
Q

TRH can also a stimulate production of which hormone?

A

Prolactin

49
Q

Where is GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) synthesised, where does it affect and what effect does it have?

A

Made in hypothalamus
Stimulates anterior pituitary to produce GH (Growth Hormone)
GH stimulates liver to produce IGFs which stimulate growth or stimulate growth by acting on tissues directly
GH needed for growth and energy metabolism

50
Q

Where is GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone) synthesised, where does it affect and what effect does it have?
What is the other name for Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone?

A

Made in hypothalamus
Inhibits anterior pituitarys production of GH (Growth Hormone)
No GH to stimulate liver to produce IGFs which stimulate growth or No GH to stimulate growth by acting on tissues directly
GH needed for growth and energy metabolism

GHIH also called Somatostatin

51
Q

Where is GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) synthesised, where does it affect and what effect does it have?

A

GnRH made in the hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to make LH and FSH
Stimulates Ogaries in females and Testes in males

52
Q

What is the function of LH (Luteinising Hormone)?

A

Stimulates ovulation in females
Stimulates release of sex hormones in males and females

53
Q

What is the function of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)?

A

Stimulates production of gametes
Stimulates egg production in the ovaries
Stimulates sperm production in the testes

Y1 - MEH (33 decks)

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