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Y1 - MEH > Intro To The Endocrine System + Endocrine Control Of Appetite > Flashcards

Intro To The Endocrine System + Endocrine Control Of Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It is the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium of conditions to maintain a stable internal environment in the body

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2
Q

What is a homeostatic mechanism?

A

Mechanisms which counteract changes in the internal environment

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3
Q

What are the 3 key characteristics of a control system?

A

Receptor detects stimulus
Control centre determines set point and determines response
Effector enacts response

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4
Q

Give 4 types of receptor:

A

Chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Thermoreceptors (temperature)
Proprioceptors (position)
Nociceptors (pain)

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5
Q

What is an important feature of the biological rhythms of the body?

A

The set point of the control centre is not fixed, it can vary

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6
Q

What is the biological clock in the brain called?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (small group of neurones in brain)

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7
Q

How is jet lag caused?

A

Mismatch between environmental cause and body clock

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8
Q

What hormone is responsible for setting the biological clock (Circadian rhythm) in the body?

A

Melatonin

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9
Q

What gland produces melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

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10
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Response in a way to reverse the direction of change

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11
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Response which changes the variable even more in the direction of change

Stimulus is enhanced

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12
Q

What % of a man’s body mass is water?

A

60%

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13
Q

What is the amount of water which the average 70kg man has?

A

42L

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14
Q

How much of the 42L of water in the average 70kg man is Intracellular?

A

28L

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15
Q

How much of the 42L of water in the average 70kg man is extracellular?

A

14L

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16
Q

How much of the 14L of extracellular water in the average 70kg man is interstitial fluid?

A

11L

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17
Q

How much of the 14L of extracellular water is blood plasma in the average 70kg man?

A

3L

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18
Q

How many litres of blood are there in the average 70kg man?

A

5L
3L Blood plasma
2L of blood cells

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19
Q

What is an Osmole?

A

The amount of a substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles

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20
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The number of osmoses per LITRE of solution

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21
Q

What is Osmolality?

A

The number of osmoles per Kg of solution

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22
Q

What is the difference between Osmolarity and Osmolality?

A

Osmolarity concerns LITRES of solution
Osmolality concerns KG of solution

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23
Q

What hormone is essential in water/fluid homeostasis?

A

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

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24
Q

What affect does ADH have on the body?

A

Increases water reabsorption in the kidney so less water is lost from the body.

Increases number of aquaporins in the Distal Convoluted Tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys nephrons

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25
Q

When is ADH released?

A

When osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the blood has a HIGH Osmolality

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26
Q

Where is ADH produced?
Where is ADH stored and secreted from?

A

Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary

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27
Q

What hormones regulate plasma glucose homeostasis?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

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28
Q

What should the concentration of plasmas glucose be?

A

5mmol/L

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29
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

They are chemical signal produced in endocrine glands or tissues that travel in the bloodstream to cause own effect on other tissues

30
Q

What other organs and tissues release hormones that aren’t glands?

A

Heart
Liver
Stomach
Placenta
Adipose
Kidney

31
Q

What important hormones does the heart produce?

A

ANP and BNP

Regulate BP

32
Q

What important hormone does the Liver produce?

33
Q

What important hormones does the stomach produce?

A

Gastrin and Ghrelin

34
Q

What important hormones does the placenta produce?

A

Inhibit, placental lactogen

35
Q

What important hormone does Adipose produce?

36
Q

What important hormones does the Kidney produce?

A

Erythropoietin, Renin, calcitriol

37
Q

What are the 4 methods of hormone communication?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine

38
Q

What is Autocrine hormonal communication?

A

Hormone signal acts back on the cell of origin

39
Q

What is Paracrine hormonal communication?

A

Hormone carried to adjacent cells not in the blood

40
Q

What is Endocrine hormonal communication?

A

Hormone is secreted into the blood and transported to a remote site/distant target

41
Q

What is Neurocrine hormonal communication?

A

Hormone originates in a neurone, it is released into the bloodstream after travelling down the axon of the neurone a distant target

42
Q

What is the difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

Signal: Hormones V Neurotransmitters + action potentials
Nature: Chemical V Chemical and electrical
Conveyance: Bloodstream V Synapses + Axons
Mediators: Receptors V Receptors
Speed: Slow V Fast

43
Q

What are the 4 classifications of hormone?

A

Peptide/Polypeptide
Amino acid derivatives (Amines)
Glycoproteins
Steroids

44
Q

Which 2 classifications of hormone are all water soluble?

A

Peptide
Glycoprotein

45
Q

Which classification of hormone is only lipid soluble?

46
Q

Which classification of hormone can be both water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

Amino acid derivatives (Amines)

47
Q

Give 3 examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Growth hormone

48
Q

Give 3 examples of glycoprotein hormones

49
Q

Give 3 examples of amino acid derived hormones

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Thyroid hormones

50
Q

Give 3 examples of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone

51
Q

What precursor are steroid hormones all synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol

52
Q

If a hormone is not water soluble (is lipid soluble) how is it transported in the blood?

A

Bound to carrier proteins

53
Q

Which of the 2 is biologically active? The free form of the hormone or the bound hormone?

A

Free hormone is biologically active

54
Q

What 3 factors determine hormone levels in the blood?

A

Rate of production
Rate of delivery
Rate of degradation

55
Q

How do water soluble hormones exert their actions on a cell?

A

Bind to cell surface receptors:
-G protein coupled receptors
-tyrosin kinase receptors

56
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones exert their affects on a cell?

A

Bind to Intracellular receptors (on DNA in nucleus)

57
Q

Which hormones act faster and why?
Water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

Water soluble since they bind to receptors on the cell surface membrane

58
Q

When does somebody gain body weight?

A

When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

59
Q

What is the cluster of neurones in the brain called that control appetite?

A

Arcuate nucleus

60
Q

Where is the arcuate nucleus located in the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

What are the 2 types of neurone found in the arcuate nucleus?

A

Stimulatory
Inhibitory

62
Q

What do stimulatory neurones in the arcuate nucleus do and how do they do this?

A

Promote hunger
Contain NPY (Neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (Agouti-related peptide)

63
Q

What do inhibitory neurones in the arcuate nucleus do and how do they do this?

A

Promote satiety
Contain POMC which makes alpha MSH and Beta endorphin

64
Q

What does ghrelin do and where is it produced?

A

Simulates appetite
Produced in stomach when stomach is empty

65
Q

What type of hormone is ghrelin?

66
Q

What does PYY (Peptide tyrosine tyrosine) do and where is it produced?

A

Suppresses appetite
Made by ileum and colon

67
Q

What does leptin do and where is it produced?

A

Suppresses appetite
Released by adipocytes

68
Q

How does leptin suppress appetite?

A

Simulates inhibitory neurones
Inhibits excitatory neurones
Induces expression of uncoupling proteins in mitochondria

69
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Suppress appetite

70
Q

What does amylin do and where is it produced?

A

Suppresses appetite
Beta cells of oancreas

Y1 - MEH (33 decks)

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