Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MEH > Metabolic And Endocrine Control During Special Circumstances > Flashcards

Metabolic And Endocrine Control During Special Circumstances Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 normal fuel sources that are available in the blood?

A

Glucose
Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

There is normally little free glucose available in the blood, how is glucose normally stored?

A

As Glycogen in the liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are fatty acids usually stored?

A

As Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 fuel sources that are only available under special conditions?

A

Amino acids
Ketone bodies
Lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are amino acids converted into in order to be utilised as a fuel source?

A

Glucose
Ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where were ketone bodies usually produced from?

A

Fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is lactate produced in an individual?

A

Anaerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the time frames for using glucose after feeding?

A

First 2 hrs glucose available from gut
Between 2-8 hrs glucose and fat being obtained from glycogen and Triacylglycerol stores
Between 8-10 hrs glycogen store’s depleted (Gluconeogenesis happens, more ketone bodies made, brain utilises ketone bodies for fuel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the anabolic hormones?

A

Insulin
Growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of insulin?

A

Promote fuel storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the anabolic affects of growth hormone?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis
Stimulates Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the catabolic hormones?
(Promote release from stores and utilisation)

A

Glucagon
Adrenaline
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the catabolic affects if Growth hormone?

A

Increased lipolysis
Glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does insulin inhibit?

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis
Proteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does insulin stimulate?

A

Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose via GLUT4
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What effects does feeding cause?

A

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release causing:

-increased glucose uptake and utilisation by muscle and adipose via GLUT4
-promotes storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle
-promotes amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in liver and muscle
-promotes lipogenesis and storage of FA as TAGs in adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the effects of fasting?

A

Blood glucose falls, insulin stops being released and glucagon is released stimulating:

-glycogenolysis
—lipolysis
-Gluconeogenesis

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During starvation, what hormones are produced?

A

Cortisol
Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which gland in the body produces Cortisol?
Which gland in the body produces Glucagon?

A

Adrenal cortex (Zona Fasiculata)
Pancreas (Alpha cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does cortisol affect insulin?

A

It has an anti insulin affect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In energy starvation what is preferentially metabolised as fuel and why?

A

Fatty acids are preferentially metabolised
Anti insulin effect of cortisol and reduced insulin levels prevents cells taking up glucose

22
Q

In energy starvation, which processes happen in what order?

A

Gluconeogenesis (glycerol from TAGs used reducing need to breakdown muscle protein)

Ketogensis in liver, brain utilises this sparing glucose requirement from protein

Once fat stores depleted, proteolysis must occur to use glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids for fuel for Gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis

23
Q

When does the majority of Fetal growth take place?

A

3rd trimester (the last 1/3 of the pregnancy

24
Q

What are the 2 main phases of metabolic adaptation during pregnancy?

A

1.) Anabolic phase
2.) Catabolic phase

25
Q

What occurs in the anabolic phase of pregnancy?

A

Increase in maternal fat sores
Small increase in insulin sensitivity

26
Q

What occurs in the catabolic stage of pregnancy?

A

Increased insulin resistance so decreased insulin sensitivity
Increased maternal glucose and free fatty acids
(Greater substrate available for Fetal growth

27
Q

How do most substrates transfer across the placenta?

A

Simple diffusion
Glucose via GLUT1

28
Q

What is the fetoplacental unit?

A

A new endocrine entity consisting of:
-placenta
-Fetal adrenal glands
-Fetal liver

29
Q

How does the fetus control maternal metabolism?

A

Via the fetoplacental unit

30
Q

In terms of the anabolic stage of pregnancy, what is the goal?

A

To increase the amount of nutrients stored in preparation for:
-rapid growth of fetus
-birth
-lactation

31
Q

What is the goal of the catabolic stage of pregnancy?

A

Keep concentration of nutrients in maternal circulation high

32
Q

What happens in the catabolic stage of pregnancy to keep the conc of nutrients high?

A

Reduced maternal utilisation of glucose (uses fatty acids)
Release of fatty acid stores from the anabolic stage of pregnancy
Maternal insulin levels increase but fetoplacental anti insulin hormones increasae faster

33
Q

What is the main anti insulin hormone produced by the fetoplacental unit?

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Leads to cortisol production

34
Q

How is insulin secretion affected in pregnancy?

A

Increased synthesis and secretion

B cell Hyperplasia
B cell Hypertrophy

35
Q

What can occur if B cells don’t produce more insulin in pregnancy to cope with the increased glucose intake?

A

Gestational Diabetes

36
Q

What are the clinical implications of gestational diabetes?

A

Miscarriage
Congenital malformation
Macrosomia (big baby)
Shoulder dystopia (increased fat on shoulders, get stuck at birth)
Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia

37
Q

What’s the risk factors for gestational diabetes?

A

Maternal age> 25 years
BMI > 25kg/m^2
Face/ethnicity
History of diabetes
History of macrosomia

38
Q

How do we manage gestational diabetes?

A

Diet (reduce calorie intake of obese patients)
Insulin injection if persistence of hyperglycaemia
Ultrasounds to access Fetal growth

39
Q

In exercise, what does the rate of ATP re synthesis depend on?

A

The rate of ATP hydrolysis (so the intensity of exercise)

40
Q

How do ATP stores get replenished?

A

From Creatine Phosphate
Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

How can muscle glycogen stores sustain intensive exercise for a couple of mins?

A

Glycogen broken down into glucose 6 phosphate and can enter glycolysis

Pyruvate gets converted to lactate to regenerate the NAD+ needed for glycolysis

42
Q

Which organ acts as a major buffer for blood glucose levels and how?

A

Liver

Exercise causes increased hepatic glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis
Liver recycles lactate

43
Q

In what type of exercise can fatty acids be used as fuels?

A

Low intensity
Aerobic conditions needed

44
Q

Describe metabolism in short high intensity exercise like a 100m sprint

A

Anaerobic production of ATP
Need muscle store of glycogen
Creatin phosphate used

45
Q

Describe metabolism in a middle distance 1500m run

A

Some O2 delivered to muscles but anaerobic metabolism still happens

  1. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic glycogen metabolism
  2. ATP produced aerobically from muscle glycogen and fatty acids
  3. Anaerobic metabolism of glycogen makes lactate
46
Q

Describe metabolism in long duration low intensity exercise

A

Mostly aerobic
Muscle glycogen
Liver glycogen
Fatty acids

47
Q

What is the hormonal response to long exercise?

A

Insulin slowly decreases
Glucagon rises
Adrenaline and GH rise rapidly
Cortisol slowly rises

48
Q

What is the affect of glucagon levels rising in prolonged exercise?

A

Inc glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase activated)

Inc Gluconeogenesis (PEPCK and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase activated)

Inc lipolysis (Hormone sensitive Lipase activated)

49
Q

What is the affect of the rapid rise in adrenaline and GH in prolonged exercise?

A

Adrenaline inc glycogenolysis and lipolysis
GH inc lipolysis and Gluconeogenesis

50
Q

What is the affect of cortisol rising in prolonged exercise?

A

Inc lipolysis and Gluconeogenesis

51
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A

Body comp changes (less adipose more muscle)
Improved glucose tolerance
Tissues sensitivity to insulin increases
Blood Triglycerides decrease
BP falls
Psychological effects of wellbeing

MEH (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions