Other Flashcards
Mention: Complications of acute meningitis (3 marks)
Seizure, hydrocephalus, behavioral changes, vision loss
Pathogenesis, microscopic, complications of hashimoto thyroiditis
Genetic Predisposition, Environmental Triggers,
Immune System Activation
Lymphocytic Infiltration, Hurthle Cell Changes
Hypothyroidism, Goiter Formation
Define, pathogenesis of grave’s disease
is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the thyroid gland
Autoimmune Trigger, Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSIs), Stimulation of thyroid hormones production
4 causes of lymphoma
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Fungal infections
Parasitic infections
Define reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and list 3 microscopic picture
enlargement of lymphoid tissues in particularly immune responses to infections
Follicular Hyperplasia:
Paracortical Hyperplasia:
Sinusoidal Hyperplasia:
Mixed Hyperplasia:
Complications of multiple myeloma
Renal Dysfunction:
Anemia:
Suppression of normal bone marrow function
Immunodeficiency:
Define osteoarthritis
a degenerative joint disorder characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage in the joints
Define: Giant cell tumor of bone.
is a generally benign but locally aggressive neoplasm that most commonly affects the epiphyseal regions of long bones
Describe morphology of gouty arthritis (4 marks)
Tophi Formation: Tophi are nodular, chalky deposits of urate crystals that accumulate in the soft tissues surrounding joints, tendons, and other structures.
Synovial Inflammation: caused by the inflammatory response to urate crystals in the synovial fluid.
Cartilage Erosion and Joint Damage: Prolonged and recurrent gout attacks can lead to joint damage, erosion of cartilage
Foreign Body Granulomas
Pathological features of hematogenous osteomyelitis
The intense inflammatory response and compromised blood supply can lead to bone necrosis
Infection can lead to vascular changes
The presence of bacteria triggers an acute inflammatory response in the affected bone, leading to the recruitment of immune cells
4 Causes of bleeding per nipple
Injury
inflammation
Benign tumors
Malignant tumor
Endometrial polyp types
Hyperplastic Polyps
Adenomatous Polyps
Atypical Polyps
Fibroid Polyps
Gross and microscopic pictures of melanocytic Nevus and melanoma
Melanocytic nevi: are typically small, well-defined, and evenly pigmented lesions. They are usually symmetric with regular borders.
-The nevus is composed of nests of melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells
Melanoma: They may have irregular borders and uneven pigmentation. Characterized by the presence of atypical and often asymmetrical melanocytes.
Fibromatosis definition and types
abnormal growth of fibrous tissue,
Desmoid Tumor
Palmar fibromatosis
Plantar fibromatosis
Penile fibromatosis
Enumerate vascular tumors
Hemangioma
Angiosarcoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Lymphangioma
Complications of osteomyelitis
Chronic osteomyelitis
Bone necrosis
Pathological fracture
Abscess formation
Factors delaying healing of fractures
Severity of the fracture
Poor blood supply
Age
Osteoperosis
Complications of Plasma cell tumors
Anemia
Renal complications
Hypercalcemia
Bone lesions and fractures
Causes of splenomegaly
Portal hypertension
Cirrhosis
Hemolytic anemia (spleen always making more RBCs)
Bacterial and viral infections
Chronic viral hepatitis (pathology and complications)
Hepatocellular injury, Fibrosis, Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma
Portal hypertension, ascites, esophageal varices
Discuss lobar pneumonia (Def, risk factors, site, fate, complication)
Acute diffuse fibrinous inflammation of lung tissue
Previously healthy middle aged people
Upper lobe of rt lung
resolution
Failure resolution cornification, toxemia may lead to heart failure, spread, lung abscess
Discuss bronchopneumonia (Def, risk factors, site, fate, complication)
Patchy areas of acute suppurative
inflammation affects bronchi
Extremes of age and Debilitating diseases
Bilateral basal
Death
pneumonic lung abscess and gangrene, toxemia, septicemia, fibrosis
Enumerate types & causes of lung abscesses
- Aspiration lung abscess (primary lung abscess): It is due to aspiration of:
a) Blood clots or infected material during oral surgery.
b) Vomitus during general anesthesia. - Post-pneumonic lung abscess: Multiple in bronchopneumonia or single in lobar pneumonia.
- Bronchial obstruction with bronchogenic carcinoma: distal atelectasis & aspiration of blood & tumor fragment contribute to
the development of lung abscess. - Pyemic lung abscess: septic emboli from septic thrombophlebitis of systemic veins. Yellow spots surrounded by a zone of congestion.
- Direct traumatic punctures or spread of infection from adjacent organ.
Discuss bronchial asthma types
A. Atopic (allergic) asthma: the most common type caused by type 1 hypersensitivity reaction triggered by
environmental antigen (pollen, dust, certain foods, …) with positive family history.
B. Non-atopic asthma: hyper-reactivity of airways triggered by respiratory tract infections or chemical irritation with no family
history
C. Aspirin-induces asthma: exact mechanism is unknown.
Enumerate complications of Emphysema
- Right sided heart failure & pulmonary hypertension
- Respiratory failure from defective ventilation, perfusion & diffusion of gases with cyanosis, respiratory acidosis & death
- Rupture bullae containing air into pleura causing pneumothorax
Define atelectasis and collapse and its types
Atelectasis is failure of lung expansion & collapse is acquired deflation of previously inflated lung affecting part or all of one lung.
Resorption collapse: occurs with complete obstruction by mucus plugs or foreign body
Compression collapse: associated with pneumothorax, hemothorax
Give an account on the types of lung carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma: in smoker males, centrally located, infiltrative tumor, keratin pearl formation
Adenocarcinoma: in females, peripherally located, early spread to the pleura, glandular
Large cell carcinoma: undifferentiated type with no glandular or keratin pearl formation
Small cell carcinoma: Worst prognosis, early metastasis, centrally located, cells are small neuroendocrine
