Other

Question 1

Mention: Complications of acute meningitis (3 marks)

Answer 1

Seizure, hydrocephalus, behavioral changes, vision loss

Question 2

Pathogenesis, microscopic, complications of hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 2

Genetic Predisposition, Environmental Triggers,
Immune System Activation

Lymphocytic Infiltration, Hurthle Cell Changes

Hypothyroidism, Goiter Formation

Question 3

Define, pathogenesis of grave’s disease

Answer 3

is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the thyroid gland

Autoimmune Trigger, Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSIs), Stimulation of thyroid hormones production

Question 4

4 causes of lymphoma

Answer 4

Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Fungal infections
Parasitic infections

Question 5

Define reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and list 3 microscopic picture

Answer 5

enlargement of lymphoid tissues in particularly immune responses to infections

Follicular Hyperplasia:

Paracortical Hyperplasia:

Sinusoidal Hyperplasia:

Mixed Hyperplasia:

Question 6

Complications of multiple myeloma

Answer 6

Renal Dysfunction:

Anemia:

Suppression of normal bone marrow function

Immunodeficiency:

Question 7

Define osteoarthritis

Answer 7

a degenerative joint disorder characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage in the joints

Question 8

Define: Giant cell tumor of bone.

Answer 8

is a generally benign but locally aggressive neoplasm that most commonly affects the epiphyseal regions of long bones

Question 9

Describe morphology of gouty arthritis (4 marks)

Answer 9

Tophi Formation: Tophi are nodular, chalky deposits of urate crystals that accumulate in the soft tissues surrounding joints, tendons, and other structures.

Synovial Inflammation: caused by the inflammatory response to urate crystals in the synovial fluid.

Cartilage Erosion and Joint Damage: Prolonged and recurrent gout attacks can lead to joint damage, erosion of cartilage

Foreign Body Granulomas

Question 10

Pathological features of hematogenous osteomyelitis

Answer 10

The intense inflammatory response and compromised blood supply can lead to bone necrosis

Infection can lead to vascular changes

The presence of bacteria triggers an acute inflammatory response in the affected bone, leading to the recruitment of immune cells

Question 11

4 Causes of bleeding per nipple

Answer 11

Injury
inflammation
Benign tumors
Malignant tumor

Question 12

Endometrial polyp types

Answer 12

Hyperplastic Polyps
Adenomatous Polyps
Atypical Polyps
Fibroid Polyps

Question 13

Gross and microscopic pictures of melanocytic Nevus and melanoma

Answer 13

Melanocytic nevi: are typically small, well-defined, and evenly pigmented lesions. They are usually symmetric with regular borders.

-The nevus is composed of nests of melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells

Melanoma: They may have irregular borders and uneven pigmentation. Characterized by the presence of atypical and often asymmetrical melanocytes.

Question 14

Fibromatosis definition and types

Answer 14

abnormal growth of fibrous tissue,

Desmoid Tumor
Palmar fibromatosis
Plantar fibromatosis
Penile fibromatosis

Question 15

Enumerate vascular tumors

Answer 15

Hemangioma
Angiosarcoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Lymphangioma

Question 16

Complications of osteomyelitis

Answer 16

Chronic osteomyelitis
Bone necrosis
Pathological fracture
Abscess formation

Question 17

Factors delaying healing of fractures

Answer 17

Severity of the fracture
Poor blood supply
Age
Osteoperosis

Question 18

Complications of Plasma cell tumors

Answer 18

Anemia
Renal complications
Hypercalcemia
Bone lesions and fractures

Question 19

Causes of splenomegaly

Answer 19

Portal hypertension
Cirrhosis
Hemolytic anemia (spleen always making more RBCs)
Bacterial and viral infections

Question 20

Chronic viral hepatitis (pathology and complications)

Answer 20

Hepatocellular injury, Fibrosis, Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma

Portal hypertension, ascites, esophageal varices

Question 22

Discuss lobar pneumonia (Def, risk factors, site, fate, complication)

Answer 22

Acute diffuse fibrinous inflammation of lung tissue

Previously healthy middle aged people

Upper lobe of rt lung

resolution

Failure resolution cornification, toxemia may lead to heart failure, spread, lung abscess

Question 23

Discuss bronchopneumonia (Def, risk factors, site, fate, complication)

Answer 23

Patchy areas of acute suppurative
inflammation affects bronchi

Extremes of age and Debilitating diseases

Bilateral basal

Death

pneumonic lung abscess and gangrene, toxemia, septicemia, fibrosis

Question 24

Enumerate types & causes of lung abscesses

Answer 24

1. Aspiration lung abscess (primary lung abscess): It is due to aspiration of:
   a) Blood clots or infected material during oral surgery.
   b) Vomitus during general anesthesia.
2. Post-pneumonic lung abscess: Multiple in bronchopneumonia or single in lobar pneumonia.
3. Bronchial obstruction with bronchogenic carcinoma: distal atelectasis & aspiration of blood & tumor fragment contribute to
   the development of lung abscess.
4. Pyemic lung abscess: septic emboli from septic thrombophlebitis of systemic veins. Yellow spots surrounded by a zone of congestion.
5. Direct traumatic punctures or spread of infection from adjacent organ.

Question 25

Discuss bronchial asthma types

Answer 25

A. Atopic (allergic) asthma: the most common type caused by type 1 hypersensitivity reaction triggered by
environmental antigen (pollen, dust, certain foods, …) with positive family history.

B. Non-atopic asthma: hyper-reactivity of airways triggered by respiratory tract infections or chemical irritation with no family
history

C. Aspirin-induces asthma: exact mechanism is unknown.

Question 26

Enumerate complications of Emphysema

Answer 26

1. Right sided heart failure & pulmonary hypertension
2. Respiratory failure from defective ventilation, perfusion & diffusion of gases with cyanosis, respiratory acidosis & death
3. Rupture bullae containing air into pleura causing pneumothorax

Question 27

Define atelectasis and collapse and its types

Answer 27

Atelectasis is failure of lung expansion & collapse is acquired deflation of previously inflated lung affecting part or all of one lung.

Resorption collapse: occurs with complete obstruction by mucus plugs or foreign body

Compression collapse: associated with pneumothorax, hemothorax

Question 28

Give an account on the types of lung carcinoma

Answer 28

Squamous cell carcinoma: in smoker males, centrally located, infiltrative tumor, keratin pearl formation

Adenocarcinoma: in females, peripherally located, early spread to the pleura, glandular

Large cell carcinoma: undifferentiated type with no glandular or keratin pearl formation

Small cell carcinoma: Worst prognosis, early metastasis, centrally located, cells are small neuroendocrine