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Head and Neck > Osteology and radiographic appearance > Flashcards

Osteology and radiographic appearance Flashcards

1
Q

What are fossae?

A

shallow depressions or hollows

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2
Q

What are canals?

A

bony tunnels that allow blood vessels and cranial nerves through

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3
Q

What are foramina?

A

round holes

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4
Q

What are fissures?

A

narrow slit like holes

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5
Q

What is the neurocranium made of?

A

8 bones that encase and protect the brain

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6
Q

What is the base of the neurocranium?

A

the cranial floor

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7
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

14 bones making up the facial skeleton and jaw

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8
Q

Where do the viscerocranium bones develop from?

A

pharyngeal arches and begin as membranes and cartilages that ossify

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9
Q

What are the 3 sutures in the brain?

A

Coronal, sagital and lambdoid

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10
Q

What are fontanelles?

A
  • found in the infant skull

- large areas of unossified membranous gaps between flat bones of skull cap(calvaria)

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11
Q

What is the role of fontanelles?

A

Allows for alteration of the skull size and shape during childbirth and allows for growth of the infant brain

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12
Q

What are the fontanelles and what do they become?

A

Anterior fontanelle - bregma

Posterior fontanelle - lambda

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13
Q

When do the fontanelle fuse?

A

Anterior - 18months to 2 yrs

Posterior 3 months

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14
Q

What happens if the sutures and fontanelles prematurely fuse?

A

doesn’t allow head or brain to grow - craniosynostosis (rare)

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15
Q

What Fontanelle is clinically useful and why?

A

anterior because it is normally slightly convex in a healthy baby but if you inspect it and there is bulging, it can be used to a ssess intracranial pressure and state of hydration to see how well the baby is

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16
Q

What is the arrangement of bones of the calvaria?

A

Tri-laminar

  • outer table (compact bone)
  • Diploe (spongy bone)
  • inner table (compact bone)
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17
Q

What does the periosteum cover and attached to?

A

the outer and inner table of skull bones - it is strongly adhered to bone edges at suture line and CONTINUOUS THROUGH SUTURE AND OTO INNER TABLE OF THE SAME BONE

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18
Q

What is the cranial floor made from?

A

3 fosse - anterior, middle and posterior

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19
Q

What bones form the anterior cranial floor?

A

Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

20
Q

What bones form the middle cranial floor?

A

Sphenoid, temporal, parietal

21
Q

What bones form the posterior cranial floor?

A

occipital and temporal

22
Q

What is significant about the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

houses the middle and inner ear structures

23
Q

Why does it take different amounts of force to break different bones in the skull?

A

Significant trauma and force is required to fracture the skull but due to varying thickness and resistance to force of the bones, varying force is required

24
Q

What intracranial structures are at risk of injury in a skull fractures?

A

Brain, blood vessels, cranial nerves - can get intracranial pathology, neurological deficits and poorer outcomes with damage to these BUT can still have intracranial injury after a head injury without a skull fracture

25
Q

What is a linear fracture?

A

straight lined fractures involving no bone displacement

26
Q

What is a comminuted fracture/

A

multiple fracture lines - fragments may or may not displace inwards towards the brain
-they can be depressed (pressing on brain) or non-depressed

27
Q

What is the pterion?

A

weakest part of the skull where lots of sutures are

28
Q

What bones form the pterion?

A

parietal, frontal, temporal and sphenoid

29
Q

What is significant about the pterion?

A

(anterior branch of the) Middle meningeal artery

30
Q

What can happen with blows to the side of the head?

A

can fracture the bone in the area of the pterion and injure MMA causing intracranial haemorrhage (extra dural)

31
Q

What is a basilar fracture?

A

Rarer type of fracture to the skull floor but shouldn’t be missed

32
Q

What would you see in a patient presenting with a basilar fracture?

A

Clinical signs will indicate which area of the cranial floor has been damaged
“Panda eyes” - Anterior
Bleeding from the ear (Hemotympanum) - Middle
Bleeding behind ear (battles sign) - posterior

33
Q

What is significant about the maxilla bone?

A

Starts as 2 parts but fuses to form one

34
Q

What fractures of the face are most common?

A

Nasal bone, zygomatic bone and arch and mandible are most common - supraorbital ridge on the frontal bone is very tough, won’t fracture just skin will split

35
Q

What is significant about a mandibular fracture?

A

will always fracture in 2 places

36
Q

What is the TMJ?

A

Temporomandibular joint - articulation between the temporal bone and mandible

37
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial hinge-type joint

38
Q

What conditions of the TMJ can you get?

A
  • TMJ disorder (pain referring to ear, jaw, lateral side of head, clicking, locking)
  • dislocation (secondary to trauma/yawning)
  • arthritis
39
Q

What is the TMJ innervated by?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CNVc)

40
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the TMJ and what are they lined with?

A

Articular tubercle and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone - lined with fibrocartilage

41
Q

Why don’t the 2 surfaces come in direct contact?

A

They are separated by a fibrocartilaginous disk

42
Q

What is the TMJ stabilised by?

A

a joint capsule and 3 extra capsular ligaments

43
Q

What movements does the TMJ do in wide depression and how does it carry them out?

A

Hinge and gliding

  1. hinge - rotation (inferior half of joint cavity)
  2. gliding - condyle slides onto the articular tubercle - condyle shouldn’t pass in front of the articular process (superior half of joint cavity)
44
Q

How can dislocation of the TMJ occur?

A
  • facial trauma

- yawning

45
Q

How does it present?

A

jaw locks as joint fixes in open position due to anterior dislocation of condyle over the articular tubercle - contraction of muscles around the joint (muscles of mastication) keep joint locked in anterior displacement

46
Q

What name is given to the space with which the foramen rotunda and foramen oval communicate with?

A

rotundum - pterygopalatine

ovale - infratemporal

47
Q

Why are CT’s more beneficial for patients with head injury than X-rays?

A

CT’s show brain tissue as should be eliminating intracranial haemorrhages or suspected neurological damage after a head injury

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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