General Organisation and Major Muscles

Question 1

What are the muscles in the face split into?

Answer 1

Muscles of mastication and muscles of facial expression

Question 2

What type of muscles are the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 2

Dilators/sphincters

-round

Question 3

Where do muscles of facial expression attach?

Answer 3

bone, skin, fascia and subcutaneous fat

Question 4

What is the innervation of the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 4

Cranial nerve 7

Question 5

What are the branches of CN7?

Answer 5

-Temporal
-Zygotmatic
-Buccal
-Marginal mandibular
-Cervical
(also posterior auricular but doesn’t supply the face)

Question 6

Why can parotid gland tumours cause issues?

Answer 6

CN7 runs close to the parotid gland so if there is a tumour it can compress on the nerve causing weakness and paralysis on that side of the face

Question 7

Will sensation be affected if there was damage to the facial nerve?

Answer 7

No because sensation is supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve

Question 8

What are the muscles of facial expression? (learn what they do too)

Answer 8

Risorius
Orbicularis oculi (palpebral and orbital)
Occipofrontalis
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Platysma

Question 9

What is the levator palpebral superiors?

Answer 9

supplied by the oculomotor nerve - aids in opening the eye by elevating the eye lid

Question 10

What do the muscles of mastication do?

Answer 10

Open and close the jaw at the TMJ

Question 11

What is the nervous innervation of the muscles of mastication?

Answer 11

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN5)

Question 12

What does CN5 do?

Answer 12

innervates sensation to the face and scalp and a motor function to the mastication muscles

Question 13

What are the branches of CN5?

Answer 13

Va-opthalamic
Vb - maxillary division
Vc - mandibular division

Question 14

What muscles are the muscles of mastication? (learn their actions too)

Answer 14

Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Massester

Question 15

What are the muscles of the neck?

Answer 15

Platysma
SCM
Trapezius
Suprahyoid muscle
Infrahyoid muscle
Scalene
Omohyoid

Question 16

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

Answer 16

Superior - margin of mandible
Medial - midline of neck
Lateral - SCM

Question 17

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

Answer 17

Inferior - clavicle
Lateral - trapezius
Medial - SCM
Floor - scalene muscles

Question 18

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Answer 18

Superior - posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Lateral - SCM
Inferior - superior belly of the omohyoid

Question 19

What is in the anterior triangle?

Answer 19

• Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
• internal jugular vein
• numerous cranial nerves

Question 20

What is in the carotid triangle?

Answer 20

• hypoglossal and vagus nerves
• internal jugular vein
• bifucation of the common carotid artery to the internal and external common carotid arteries

Question 21

What does the carotid sheath contain?

Answer 21

• I SEE 10 CC’s in the IV
• Internal carotid artery
• Vagus Nerve
• Common carotid artery
• Internal jugular vein

Question 22

What is the carotid sheath?

Answer 22

A fibrous connective tissue layer surrounding the main vascular components of the neck

Question 23

What is the role of the buccinator?

Answer 23

Keeps food from collecting in the oral vestibule when chewing

Question 24

Where does the carotid sheath extends from and to?

Answer 24

Extends from the base of the skill where the ICA IJV and vagus nerve have just left the cranial cavity
They extend to the aortic arch where the blood vessels drain into

Question 25

What branch of the trigeminal nerve carries both motor and sensory?

Answer 25

The mandibular branch - the other 2 are purely sensory

Question 26

What is the superficial cervical fascia layer?

Answer 26

it is just beneath the skin | - loose CT with lots of adipose tissue

Question 27

What does the superficial cervical fascia layer contain?

Answer 27

Superficial blood vessels - Anterior and External mutual veins - cutaneous nerve - superficial lymph nodes - platysma muscle

Question 28

What is the investing layer?

Answer 28

It surrounds the entire neck like a collar

Question 29

What does the investing layer surround?

Answer 29

It splits to enclose the SCM, trapezius, submandibular and parotid glands

Question 30

What is the pre-tracehal layer?

Answer 30

Musular layer which encloses the infrahyoid muscles and the visceral layer enclosing the thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus

Question 31

What is the pre-vertebral layer?

Answer 31

Forms the sheath for vertebral column and muscles associated with it

Question 32

What is the deepest cervical fascia?

Answer 32

pre-vertebral layer

Question 33

What do facial layers determine?

Answer 33

They determine the direction and extent to which any infection occurring may spread within the neck

Question 34

What do layers of deep cervical fascia allow?

Answer 34

allows structures to move and pass over each other with ease and allow easy separation of tissues during surgey

Question 35

What is the retropharyngeal space?

Answer 35

deep neck space lying between the prevertebral layer of fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia

Question 36

What does the retropharyngeal space contain?

Answer 36

Contains lymph nodes which drain area of nose, oral cavity and upper pharynx

Question 37

Where does the retropharyngeal space drain into?

Answer 37

it extends into the mediastinum so infections can spread into the thorax

Question 38

What infection does this cause?

Answer 38

Mediastinitis

Question 39

Who does mediastinitius affect?

Answer 39

Normally children under 5

Question 40

What can infection develop into and what are the symptoms?

Answer 40

abscess - get a visible bulge, sore throat, can't swallow, reluctance to move head and neck, high temp