Osmoregulation Test Question

Question 1

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Answer 1

Interstitial fluid, plasma, other body fluids

Question 2

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Answer 2

cytoplasm

Question 3

Fluid Balance

Answer 3

an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in ICF and ECF solute concentration effects the movement of ions and water

Question 4

Electrolyte Balance

Answer 4

ions from dissociation of inorganic compounds; affected by: kidney disease, Hormonal or endocrine disorders, loss of body fluids, lack of vitamins (reason too much sodium or calcium are very important-Aldosterone is a major hormone of ion balance)

Question 5

pH balance

Answer 5

the amount of hydrogen ions input or output; respiratory can control by decreasing carbon dioxide and kidney get rid of hydrogen ions via collecting duct)

Question 6

obligatory water gain and loss

Answer 6

gradients, surface to volume (smaller things lose heat), Permeability (aquaporin, protein water channels); feeding, metabolism, and excretion; respiration

Question 7

regulation

Answer 7

homeostatic mechanisms respond to ECF (changes effect of entire body), ICF is localized and contained within cell membranes

Question 8

Receptors

Answer 8

do NOT detect fluid amounts or ion concentrations,;can detect plasma volume and osmotic concentration; active solute per liter)

Question 9

Cells

Answer 9

can NOT move water; water movement occurs passively, cells can move salts and water will “follow” salt

Question 10

grams of metabolic water per gram of food

Answer 10

Fats> carbs> proteins

Question 11

kilojoules expended per gram of food

Answer 11

fats> carbs> proteins

Question 12

grams of metabolic water per kilojoule expended

Answer 12

Carbs> fats> proteins

Question 13

secreted by magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus

Answer 13

ADH

Question 14

ADH

Answer 14

respond to osmotic concentration, stretch receptors, higher osmotic concentration, reduce water loss, stimulate thirst

Question 15

From the suprarenal cortex

Answer 15

Aldosterone

Question 16

Aldosterone

Answer 16

DCT and collecting duct, conserve sodium and potassium leaves tubule at higher rate, water retention or loss, increase sensitivity of salt, respond to rising potassium or falling salt

Question 17

How is renin related to aldosterone?*

Answer 17

Renin increases production of aldosterone

Question 18

secreted by cardiac muscle when stretched

Answer 18

natriuretic peptides

Question 19

natriuretic peptides

Answer 19

opposes angiotensin II, promote loss of sodium and water at the kidney, inhibit renin release, secretion of Ash and aldosterone, suppress thirst, stimulate peripheral vasodilation

Question 20

Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptides

Answer 20

right atrium and ventricles respectively

Question 21

what prevents angiotensin and norepinephrine from elevating blood pressure?

Answer 21

Natriuretic Peptides

Question 22

What is the net result of Natriuretic Peptides

Answer 22

reduction of blood volume and pressure, and hence the stretching of cardiac muscle

Question 23

When afferent arterioles dilate and efferent arterioles contract what happens to GP and GFR

Answer 23

increased glomerular pressure and increased glomerular filtration rate

Question 24

*Short, wide afferent arteriole=

Answer 24

low resistance input pathway

Question 25

*Efferent arteriole plus vasa recta=

Answer 25

high resistance outflow pathway

Question 26

Decreased ADH…

Answer 26

loss of thirst, increased water loss in urine

Question 27

After drinking water (no electrolytes)…

Answer 27

ECF becomes larger and more dilute which shifts to ICF compartment, distributing effect

Question 28

What can impact pH balance and kidney

Answer 28

increased/decreased Na+ concentration in ECF, ECF volume increased/decreased by fluid or fluid salt gain