Midterm 2

Question 1

Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation

Answer 1

Regulation of the menstrual cycle

Question 2

Composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it

Answer 2

thalamus

Question 3

Receives sensory input from the inner ear’s receptors for equilibrium and balance

Answer 3

cerebellum

Question 4

Composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri

Answer 4

cerebrum

Question 5

playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise

Answer 6

limbic system

Question 7

conscious perception and voluntary motor control

Answer 7

cerebrum

Question 8

compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement

Answer 8

cerebellum

Question 9

what are saccades, how are they different from other motor movements, and what part of the brain controls them?

Answer 9

Quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes between two or more fixation points in the same direction; Smooth movements instead of jumps; controlled by the superior colliculi in the tectum

Question 10

under what circumstances are cold thermoreceptors activated?

Answer 10

under 45 degrees change in temp under reg body temp, ?

Question 11

which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor

Answer 11

alcohol

Question 12

with the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ___, which acts as a relay processing center

Answer 12

thalamus

Question 13

the perception threshold describes the

Answer 13

concept that neurons higher in the sensory pathway can dampen the intensity of a stimulus

Question 14

a neuron that has responded to a stimulus causes decreased activity in neighboring neurons in which process?

Answer 14

lateral inhibition

Question 15

T/F The hair cell of the cochlea is depolarizer when the stereocilia are bent in any direction

Answer 15

false

Question 16

nociceptors are responsible for the perception of

Answer 16

pain and itch

Question 17

tonic receptors…

Answer 17

are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus

Question 18

the loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its

Answer 18

amplitude

Question 19

the highest frequency sound is detected by

Answer 19

hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane

Question 20

an area of the retina that contains only comes and is the sight of sharpest vision is the

Answer 20

fovea

Question 21

on a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of

Answer 21

cGMP

Question 22

___ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells

Answer 22

Bipolar

Question 23

a blind spot in the retina occurs where

Answer 23

the optic nerve leaves the eye

Question 24

a decrease in the release of neurotransmitter from the photoreceptor would indicate a(n)

Answer 24

increase in light intensity

Question 25

what is the pigment involved in vision and what happens when light hits the photoreceptor leading to the G protein becoming activated

Answer 25

Rhodopsin, when light hits it is broken down into retinal and opsin, goes from cis>trans

Question 26

after the G protein is activated, what are the molecules involved and how does it lead to a graded potential

Answer 26

PDE, cGMP, sodium, leads to hyperpolarization

Question 27

what are the three color types of commend in humans

Answer 27

max red, max blue, max green

Question 28

the function of the transverse tubules is to

Answer 28

rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber

Question 29

in order for high force cross bridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle, calcium must

Answer 29

bind to troponin which moves the tropomyosin

Question 30

each myosin head has a binding site for

Answer 30

actin and ATP

Question 31

A motor neuron secretes ___ to open ___ channels of the skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 31

acetylcholine (ACH), sodium

Question 32

as ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin head immediately

Answer 32

detaches from actin

Question 33

the hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately

Answer 33

rotate into a position (cocked) to bind to actin

Question 34

in order for your muscles to relax, an enzyme is required to remove ___ from the cytoplasmic environment

Answer 34

troponin

Question 35

muscle fatigue arises primarily from failure in

Answer 35

excitation-contraction coupling

Question 36

which fibers fatigue sooner

Answer 36

fast-twitch fibers

Question 37

1. end plate potentials trigger AP, 2. Transverse tubules convey potentials into the interior of the cell, 3. Ach binds to receptors in the motor end plate, 4. Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 37

3, 1, 2, 4

Question 38

smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s)

Answer 38

troponin only

Question 39

relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

Answer 39

uses less energy to generate a given amount of force, can sustain contractile force without fatigue and used calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space

Question 40

how are smooth muscles arranged compared to skeletal muscle?

Answer 40

Skeletal muscles have sarcomeres with actin that push things towards the center, whereas smooth muscle pushes everything together

Question 41

compared w skeletal and cardiac muscle, which of the following is not in smooth muscle? ___ in skeletal and cardiac muscle but not in smooth muscle

Answer 41

sacromeres are

Question 42

one percent of heart cells do not participate in contraction. they are called ___ cells. These make up a network known as a ___ system

Answer 42

pacemaker, electrical conducting system

Question 43

myasthenia gravis is a disease resulting from an autoimmune attack on the ACh receptors of the motor end plate. Binding of antibodies to the ACh receptors result in generalized muscle weakness that progresses as more ACh receptors are destroyed. Which meds would help alleviate muscle weakness

Answer 43

a drug binds to and inactivated acetylcholinesgerase (neostigmine)