Midterm 2 Flashcards
Which of these roles is NOT related to the reticular formation
Regulation of the menstrual cycle
Composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates as well as relays sensory information that passes through it
thalamus
Receives sensory input from the inner ear’s receptors for equilibrium and balance
cerebellum
Composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri
cerebrum
playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
where your fear, anger, or embarrassment at falling will arise
limbic system
conscious perception and voluntary motor control
cerebrum
compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement
cerebellum
what are saccades, how are they different from other motor movements, and what part of the brain controls them?
Quick, simultaneous movements of both eyes between two or more fixation points in the same direction; Smooth movements instead of jumps; controlled by the superior colliculi in the tectum
under what circumstances are cold thermoreceptors activated?
under 45 degrees change in temp under reg body temp, ?
which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor
alcohol
with the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ___, which acts as a relay processing center
thalamus
the perception threshold describes the
concept that neurons higher in the sensory pathway can dampen the intensity of a stimulus
a neuron that has responded to a stimulus causes decreased activity in neighboring neurons in which process?
lateral inhibition
T/F The hair cell of the cochlea is depolarizer when the stereocilia are bent in any direction
false
nociceptors are responsible for the perception of
pain and itch
tonic receptors…
are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus
the loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its
amplitude
the highest frequency sound is detected by
hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane
an area of the retina that contains only comes and is the sight of sharpest vision is the
fovea
on a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of
cGMP
___ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells
Bipolar
a blind spot in the retina occurs where
the optic nerve leaves the eye
a decrease in the release of neurotransmitter from the photoreceptor would indicate a(n)
increase in light intensity
what is the pigment involved in vision and what happens when light hits the photoreceptor leading to the G protein becoming activated
Rhodopsin, when light hits it is broken down into retinal and opsin, goes from cis>trans
after the G protein is activated, what are the molecules involved and how does it lead to a graded potential
PDE, cGMP, sodium, leads to hyperpolarization
what are the three color types of commend in humans
max red, max blue, max green
the function of the transverse tubules is to
rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber
in order for high force cross bridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle, calcium must
bind to troponin which moves the tropomyosin
each myosin head has a binding site for
actin and ATP
A motor neuron secretes ___ to open ___ channels of the skeletal muscle fibers
acetylcholine (ACH), sodium
as ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin head immediately
detaches from actin
the hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately
rotate into a position (cocked) to bind to actin
in order for your muscles to relax, an enzyme is required to remove ___ from the cytoplasmic environment
troponin
muscle fatigue arises primarily from failure in
excitation-contraction coupling
which fibers fatigue sooner
fast-twitch fibers
- end plate potentials trigger AP, 2. Transverse tubules convey potentials into the interior of the cell, 3. Ach binds to receptors in the motor end plate, 4. Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
3, 1, 2, 4
smooth muscle cells lack which protein(s)
troponin only
relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
uses less energy to generate a given amount of force, can sustain contractile force without fatigue and used calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space
how are smooth muscles arranged compared to skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscles have sarcomeres with actin that push things towards the center, whereas smooth muscle pushes everything together
compared w skeletal and cardiac muscle, which of the following is not in smooth muscle? ___ in skeletal and cardiac muscle but not in smooth muscle
sacromeres are
one percent of heart cells do not participate in contraction. they are called ___ cells. These make up a network known as a ___ system
pacemaker, electrical conducting system
myasthenia gravis is a disease resulting from an autoimmune attack on the ACh receptors of the motor end plate. Binding of antibodies to the ACh receptors result in generalized muscle weakness that progresses as more ACh receptors are destroyed. Which meds would help alleviate muscle weakness
a drug binds to and inactivated acetylcholinesgerase (neostigmine)
