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BL1004 > osmoregulation and excretion > Flashcards

osmoregulation and excretion Flashcards

1
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water

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2
Q

what does excretion do?

A

gets rid of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

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3
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a selective permeable membrane

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4
Q

osmolarity

A

the solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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5
Q

osmoconformers

A

found only in some marine animals.
are isoosmotic with surroundings.
do not regulate osmolarity.
can be stenohaline (narrow) or euryhaline (wide) in tolerance.

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6
Q

osmoregulators

A

expend energy to control water uptake in a hypoosmotic environment and loss in a hyperosmotic environment

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7
Q

explain how marine bony fish are hypoosmotic to seawater

A

they lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from food. they balance water loss by drinking seawater and excreting salts.

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8
Q

what is anhydrobiosis?

A

some aquatic invertebrates lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state.

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8
Q

explain how freshwater animals are hypoosmotic to their environment

A

they constantly take in water by osmosis.
they loose salts by diffusion and maintain water balance by excreting large amounts of dilute urine.
salts lost by diffusion are replaced in foods and uptake across gills

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9
Q

what are some adaptions of the kangaroo rat to conserve water?

A

concentrate urine
dry feces
produce uric acid instead of urea

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10
Q

transport epithelia

A

are specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement. essential components of osmotic regulation and metabolic waste disposal. Arranged in complex tubular networks.

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11
Q

how do seabirds eliminate excess salt from their bodies?

A

salt glands which remove excess sodium chloride from the blood

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12
Q

Ammonia in terms of nitrogenous waste

A

toxic needs lots of water. Common in aquatic species

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13
Q

urea

A

the liver in mammals converts ammonia to less toxic urea. the circulatory system carries urea to kidneys where it is excreted. less water to excrete than ammonia nut energetically expensive to convert

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14
Q

uric acid

A

excreted by insects, snails and reptiles. largely insoluble in water, can be secreted as a paste with little waterloss. more energetically expensive than urea

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15
Q

filtration

A

pressure-filtering of body fluids

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16
Q

reabsorption

A

reclaiming valuable solutes

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17
Q

secretion

A

adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate

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18
Q

excretion

A

removing the filtrate from the system

19
Q

protonephridia

A

network of tubules in flame cells/planaria

20
Q

metanephridia

A

network of tubules in earthworms. similar to nephrons

21
Q

malpighian tubules

A

network of tubules in insects

22
Q

nephrons

A

network of tubules in humans. the functional unit of the kidney

23
Q

Protonephridium

A

a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings. The smallest branches of the network are capped by a cellular unit called a flame bulb. Excrete a dilute fluid and function is osmoreuglation

24
Q

Metanephridia

A

Each segment of an earthworm has a pair of open-ended metanephridia. Both excretory and osmoregulatory functions. Consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion.

25
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

in insects and arthropods. remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function is osmoregulation. MT open into digestive tract. Insects produce a dry waste matter, highly efficient in water conservation.

26
Q

kidneys

A

excretory organs of vertebrates, function in both osmoregulation and excretion. principle site of water balance and salt regulation

27
Q

what is the kidney blood supply

A

supplied by a renal artery and drained by a renal vein

28
Q

how does urine exit the kidney?

A

through a duct called the ureter, both ureters drain into the bladder and urine is expelled through the uretha

29
Q

the nephron

A

the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus

30
Q

bowmans capsule

A

surrounds and receives filtrate from the glomerulus capillaries

31
Q

how does filtration occur ?

A

as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus to lumen of the bowmans capsule

32
Q

is filtration of small molecules selective

A

no

33
Q

what does the filtrate contain?

A

salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes and other small molecules

34
Q

what is the pathway of the filtrate ?

A

proximal tubule> loop of henle> distal tubule

35
Q

Vasa rectA

A

capillaries that serve as the loop of henle

36
Q

how do the vasa recta and loop of henle function?

A

as a counter current system

37
Q

how does the kidney conserve water?

A

producing urine that is much more concentrated than bodily fluids

38
Q

what happens in the proximal tubule?

A

Reabsorption of ions, water and nutrients. Molecules are transported actively and passively from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid and then capillaries. Some toxic materials are secreted into the . The filtrate volume decreases

39
Q

What happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle

A

Reabsorption of water continues through channels formed by aquaporin proteins. Movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid, which is hyperosmotic to the filtrate. The filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated

40
Q

What happens in the ascending loop of henle?

A

salt but not water is able to diffuse from the tubule into the interstitial fluid. the filtrate becomes increasingly dilute

41
Q

dital tubule

A

regulates the k+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids

42
Q

collecting duct

A

carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis. water is lost as well as some salt and urea and the filtrate becomes more concentrated.

43
Q

is urine hyperosmotic to body fluids

A

yes

44
Q

How much filtrate to human kidneys produce per day

A

180 L

45
Q

what is reabsorbed?

A

99% of water and nearly all sugars, vitamins and amino acids

BL1004 (13 decks)

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