immune system

Question 1

what is the primary function of the immune response ?

Answer 1

to find and destroy invading infectious agents and reduce to a minimum the damage they cause.

Question 2

what does an immune response involve?

Answer 2

Recognising the invader and mounting a reaction against it to eliminate it

Question 3

what are infectous agents ?

Answer 3

viruses and bacteria. worms, fleas, lice and ticks

Question 4

where do viruses and many bacteria and protozoa replicate?

Answer 4

inside cells

Question 5

what diseases are caused by extracellular bacteria, parasites and fungi?

Answer 5

pneumonia
tetanus
sleeping sickness

Question 6

what diseases are caused by intracellular bacteria and parasites?

Answer 6

leprosy
leishmaniasis
malaria

Question 7

what diseases are caused by viruses

Answer 7

smallpox
flu
chickenpox

Question 8

what diseases are caused by parasitic worms?

Answer 8

ascariasis
schistosomiasis

Question 9

external defense

Answer 9

most important
first line of defense.
skin impenetrable barrier to pathogens
very tight gap junction between cells
microbiome

Question 10

Inflammatory response

Answer 10

increased blood supply to the infected area.
increased permeability of capillaries- allowing escape of larger molecules and cells.
migration of leukocytes out of venules into surrounding tissues.

Question 11

leukocytes

Answer 11

mostly neutrophils but later monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 12

innate immunity

Answer 12

native immunity. In place before infection occurs. Rapid response. Physical barriers, cellular and soluble. Non specific and no memory

Question 13

innate immunity- cells

Answer 13

myeloid line
cells are phagocytes
polymorhonuclear granulocytes

Question 14

innate immunity- soluble factors

Answer 14

proteins and peptides
completent 30 proteins
lytic, opsonins,chemotactic
interferons
protect cells against invasion by viruses

Question 15

opsonin

Answer 15

a macromolecules that becomes attached to the surface of a microbe and can be recognised by surface receptors of neutrophils and macrophages and increases the efficiency of phagocytosis

Question 16

opsonisation

Answer 16

the process of attaching opsonins such as igg or complement fragments to microbial surfaces to target the microbes for phagocytosis

Question 17

APC

Answer 17

antigen presenting cells

Question 18

Adaptive immune response

Answer 18

very specific response with memory
triggered by antigen presentation

Question 19

what do myeloid cells give rise to?

Answer 19

Myeloid cells give rise to red blood cells, granulocytes, monocytes and platelets

Question 20

what do lymphoid cells give rise to?

Answer 20

lymphocytes and natural killer cells

Question 21

HR

Answer 21

an antibody mediated response that occurs when foreign material antigens are detected in the body

Question 22

antigen

Answer 22

a molecule that reacts with preformed antibody at the specific receptors on T and B cells. most are proteins

Question 23

epitope

Answer 23

the portion of the antigen which combines with the antibdoy

Question 24

antibody

Answer 24

a molecules produced by animals in response to antigen

Question 25

antibody antigen complex

Answer 25

particular property of combining specifically with the antigen that induced its formation

Question 26

what does the T helper cells do?

Answer 26

organises both cellular and humoural response

Question 27

T cells

Answer 27

thymus derived. T helper cells (master of adaptive response) T cytolytic

Question 28

B cells

Answer 28

Produced in bone marrow mature in bone marrow produce humoural response memory cells survive a long time

Question 29

apoptosis

Answer 29

programmed cell death

Question 30

who invented the vaccine?

Answer 30

edward jenner

Question 31

epidemic

Answer 31

sudden increase in prevalence

Question 32

prevalence

Answer 32

% of population infected

Question 33

pandemic

Answer 33

epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries

Question 34

endemic

Answer 34

the constant presence of a disease within a specified geographical area, low prevalence

Question 35

hyperendemic

Answer 35

constant disease but at very high prevalence and in all age groups

Question 36

novel pathogen

Answer 36

pathogen entering a population which has no herd-immunity to that specific pathogen

Question 37

lethality

Answer 37

refers to mortality rather than morbidity

Question 38

infection fatality rate

Answer 38

percent of infected cases that die

Question 39

zoonosis

Answer 39

micro or macro parasite transmissible between vertebrate animal to man