Orthopedics (Pt. 2) Flashcards
What are the alternative names for joint?
Joint can also be called articulation; most joints in th ebody are freely moving called synovial joints.
Bursa
A bursa is a fluid-filled sac found between tendon and bone to reduce friction.
What does a contraction of the muscle produce?
Movement
What are the three types of muscle?
- Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton
- Smooth muscle produces movement of internal organs (e.g. stomach, bladder).
- Cardiac muscle produces heartbeat.
Red Bone Marrow
The tissue found inside bones that produces red blood cells
What is the composition and function of bone?
Bone is hard, calcified connective tissue
Functions include:
- Supporting and moving body
- Providing vital protection to underlying organs such as heart, lungs, liver, and bladder
- Housing red bone marrow (red blood cell source)
- Serving as store house for important minerals (e.g. calcium).
Tendons
Strong bands of connective tissue that anchor muscle to bone.
Bone Graft
Surgical procedure that uses piece of bone to replace lost bone or to fuse two bones together.
Bone Scan
Nuclear medicine scan using radioactive dye to visualize bones; especially useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure of tendons and nerves as they pass through carpal tunnel of wrist.
Closed Fracture
Broken bone with no open skin wound: also called simple fracture.
Comminuted Fracture
Bone break where bone shatters into many small fragments.
Compound Fracture
Broken bone with open skin wound; also called open fracture
Compression Fracture
Bone break causing loss of height of vertebral body; may result from trauma, but in older persons, especially women, may occur in a bone weakened by osteoporosis.
Contracture
Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle.
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies.
Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR)
Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; test used to determine whether muscles respond properly.
Dislocation
Occurs when bone in joint are displaced form normal aligment and ends of bones are no longer in contact with each other.
Dual-energy Absorptiometry (DXA)
Test using low-dose x-ray beams to measure bone density; used ot diagnose osteoporosis.
Fibromyalgia
Chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue.
Fixation
Procedure to stabilize fracture bone while it heals.
External Fixation
External fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through skin.
Internal Fixation
Includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires that are put into place during surgical procedure called open reduction.
Fracture (FX, Fx)
Broken Bone
Greenstick (Buckle) Fracture
Fracture with incomplete break; one side of the bone breaks and other side only bends; commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable.
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae, which puts pressure on spinal nerves; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk; may require surgery.
Impacted Fracture
Fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another.
Kyphosis
Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or humpback.
Lordosis
Abnormal increase in normal forward curvature of lumbar spin; also called swayback.
Muscle Atrophy
Loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonly called muscle wasting.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
One of the group of inherited diseases involving progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis.
Oblique Fracture
Bone break in which fracture line runs along an angle to shaft of the bone.
Orthosis
Externally applied brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities; orthotist is person skilled in making and ajusting orthoses.
Ostheoarthritis (OA)
Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints; results in bone rubbing against bone.
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of bones; most frequently occurs in persons 10 - 25 years old.
Pathologic Fracture
Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone; not trauma.
Percutaneous Diskectomy
Use of thin catheter tube inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk; or laser is used to vaporize disk.
Prosthesis
Any artificial device used as substitute for body part that is either misssing from birth or lost as the result of accident or disease;
Ex:
- Aritifical Leg
Prosthetist
Person trained in making prostheses.
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints.
Reduction
Correcting fracture or disolocation by realigning bone.
Closed Reduction
Moves bones externally for correcting fracture or dislocation.
Open Reduction
Manipulates bone through a surgical incision; open reduction usually performed before internal fixation of bony fragments.
Repetitive Motion Disorder
Group of chronic disorders with tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage cuased by prolonged periods of pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Arthritis with swelling, stiffness, pain, and degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease.
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of spine
Spasm
Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction.
Spina Bifida
Birth defect that occur when vertebra fails to fully form arund spinal cord; ranges from mild to severe; if spinal cord is damaged, paralysis results.
Spiral Fracture
Brone break in which fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; caused by twisting injury; often slower to heal than other types of fracture.
Sprain
Ligament injury from overstretching, but without joint dislocation or bone fracture.
Strain
Damage to the muscle or tendons from overuse or overstretching.
Stress Fracture
A light bone break casued by repetitive low-impact forces, such as running, rather than single forceful impact.
Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)
Surgical reconstruction of hip with artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR).
Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
Surgical reconstruction of knee joint with artifical knee joint; also called total knee replacement (TKR).
Transverse Fracture
Bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone.
