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Medical & Technical Terminology (Exam 1) > Orthopedics (Pt. 2) > Flashcards

Orthopedics (Pt. 2) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the alternative names for joint?

A

Joint can also be called articulation; most joints in th ebody are freely moving called synovial joints.

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2
Q

Bursa

A

A bursa is a fluid-filled sac found between tendon and bone to reduce friction.

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3
Q

What does a contraction of the muscle produce?

A

Movement

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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton
  • Smooth muscle produces movement of internal organs (e.g. stomach, bladder).
  • Cardiac muscle produces heartbeat.
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5
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

The tissue found inside bones that produces red blood cells

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6
Q

What is the composition and function of bone?

A

Bone is hard, calcified connective tissue

Functions include:

  • Supporting and moving body
  • Providing vital protection to underlying organs such as heart, lungs, liver, and bladder
  • Housing red bone marrow (red blood cell source)
  • Serving as store house for important minerals (e.g. calcium).
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7
Q

Tendons

A

Strong bands of connective tissue that anchor muscle to bone.

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8
Q

Bone Graft

A

Surgical procedure that uses piece of bone to replace lost bone or to fuse two bones together.

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9
Q

Bone Scan

A

Nuclear medicine scan using radioactive dye to visualize bones; especially useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer.

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10
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

A

Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure of tendons and nerves as they pass through carpal tunnel of wrist.

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11
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Broken bone with no open skin wound: also called simple fracture.

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12
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone break where bone shatters into many small fragments.

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13
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Broken bone with open skin wound; also called open fracture

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14
Q

Compression Fracture

A

Bone break causing loss of height of vertebral body; may result from trauma, but in older persons, especially women, may occur in a bone weakened by osteoporosis.

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15
Q

Contracture

A

Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle.

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16
Q

Creatine Kinase (CK)

A

Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies.

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17
Q

Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR)

A

Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; test used to determine whether muscles respond properly.

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18
Q

Dislocation

A

Occurs when bone in joint are displaced form normal aligment and ends of bones are no longer in contact with each other.

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19
Q

Dual-energy Absorptiometry (DXA)

A

Test using low-dose x-ray beams to measure bone density; used ot diagnose osteoporosis.

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20
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue.

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21
Q

Fixation

A

Procedure to stabilize fracture bone while it heals.

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22
Q

External Fixation

A

External fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through skin.

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23
Q

Internal Fixation

A

Includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires that are put into place during surgical procedure called open reduction.

24
Q

Fracture (FX, Fx)

A

Broken Bone

25
Q

Greenstick (Buckle) Fracture

A

Fracture with incomplete break; one side of the bone breaks and other side only bends; commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable.

26
Q

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)

A

Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae, which puts pressure on spinal nerves; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk; may require surgery.

27
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another.

28
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or humpback.

29
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal increase in normal forward curvature of lumbar spin; also called swayback.

30
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

Loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; commonly called muscle wasting.

31
Q

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

A

One of the group of inherited diseases involving progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy.

32
Q

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis.

33
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Bone break in which fracture line runs along an angle to shaft of the bone.

34
Q

Orthosis

A

Externally applied brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities; orthotist is person skilled in making and ajusting orthoses.

35
Q

Ostheoarthritis (OA)

A

Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints; results in bone rubbing against bone.

36
Q

Osteogenic Sarcoma

A

Most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of bones; most frequently occurs in persons 10 - 25 years old.

37
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone; not trauma.

38
Q

Percutaneous Diskectomy

A

Use of thin catheter tube inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk; or laser is used to vaporize disk.

39
Q

Prosthesis

A

Any artificial device used as substitute for body part that is either misssing from birth or lost as the result of accident or disease;

Ex:

  • Aritifical Leg
40
Q

Prosthetist

A

Person trained in making prostheses.

41
Q

Radiography

A

Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints.

42
Q

Reduction

A

Correcting fracture or disolocation by realigning bone.

43
Q

Closed Reduction

A

Moves bones externally for correcting fracture or dislocation.

44
Q

Open Reduction

A

Manipulates bone through a surgical incision; open reduction usually performed before internal fixation of bony fragments.

45
Q

Repetitive Motion Disorder

A

Group of chronic disorders with tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage cuased by prolonged periods of pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements.

46
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Arthritis with swelling, stiffness, pain, and degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease.

47
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

48
Q

Spasm

A

Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction.

49
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Birth defect that occur when vertebra fails to fully form arund spinal cord; ranges from mild to severe; if spinal cord is damaged, paralysis results.

50
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Brone break in which fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; caused by twisting injury; often slower to heal than other types of fracture.

51
Q

Sprain

A

Ligament injury from overstretching, but without joint dislocation or bone fracture.

52
Q

Strain

A

Damage to the muscle or tendons from overuse or overstretching.

53
Q

Stress Fracture

A

A light bone break casued by repetitive low-impact forces, such as running, rather than single forceful impact.

54
Q

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)

A

Surgical reconstruction of hip with artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR).

55
Q

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)

A

Surgical reconstruction of knee joint with artifical knee joint; also called total knee replacement (TKR).

56
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone.

Medical & Technical Terminology (Exam 1) (18 decks)

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