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Medical & Technical Terminology (Exam 1) > Cardiology (Pt. 2) > Flashcards

Cardiology (Pt. 2) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What types of blood vessels does angi/o refer to?

A

Can refer to either blood vessels or lymph vessels; it does not indicate what type of blood vessel.

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2
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body.

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3
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest arteries; carry blood from artery to capillary bed.

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4
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and toward a capillary be; arteries to the lung carry deoxygenated blood and arteries to the body carry oxygenated blood.

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5
Q

Plaque

A

The soft, yellow, fatty deposits that build up along inner wall of blood vessels.

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6
Q

Atria

A

The upper chambers of the heart, receive blood returning to the heart; left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs and right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body.

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7
Q

What is composition and function of heart?

A

Composed of cardiac muscle tissue called the myocardium that contracts to develop the pressure needed to push blood through vessels.

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8
Q

Septum

A

Divides the heart into its left and right halves.

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9
Q

Embolus

A

A piece broken off from a clot, mass of fat, or bacteria that floats through blood vessels until it plugs up small blood vessel, blocking blood flow.

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10
Q

What does isch/o more precisely mean?

A

To hold back means to stop, as in blood flow.

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11
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from capillary beds; veins from body carry deoxygenated blood and veins from lungs carry oxygenated blood.

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12
Q

What does -sclerosis indicate in the cardiovascular system?

A

Indicates blood vessel becoming hard and inflexible due to buildup of cholesterol plaques along vessel wall.

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13
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot forming in blood vessel; if large enough, it will partially or completely block blood flow through blood vessel.

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14
Q

Valves

A

Flaplike structures that close tightly to prevent backflow of blood; ensures that blood always flows in forward direction; there are four valves in heart (ticuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic) and many in veins.

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15
Q

Varicosity

A

Condition in which a vein becomes dilated due to ineffective valves; blood flow through varicosity becomes very low and sluggish.

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16
Q

Ventricles

A

Large, very muscular pumping chambers of the heart; left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body and right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.

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17
Q

Venules

A

The smallest veins; receive blood from capillaries and carry it to larger veins.

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18
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized widening of artery due to weakness in arterial wall; may develop in any artery, but common sites are abdominal aorta and cerebral arteries.

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19
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Severe chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia.

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20
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular heart beat

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21
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to sounds within body, such as heart or lungs, by using stethoscope.

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22
Q

Bacterial Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of inner lining of heart (the endocardium) caused by bacteria; may result in visible accumulation of bacteria called vegetation.

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23
Q

Blood Pressure (BP)

A

Measurement of pressure extend by blood against walls of blood vessel

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24
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute (bpm)

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25
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Complete stoppage of all heart activity, both electrical signals and muscle contractions.

26
Q

Cardiac Catheterization (CC)

A

Passage of thin tube (catheter) through veins or arteries leading into heart; used to detect heart abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine pressure within heart.

27
Q

Cardiac Enzymes

A

Complex proteins released by heart muscle when it is damaged; taken by blood sample to determine amount of heart disease or damage; most common cardiac enzymes are creatine kinase (CK), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

28
Q

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

A

Applying external compressions to rib cage in order to maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest.

29
Q

Congenital Septal Defect (CSD)

A

Birth defect in wall separating two chambers of heart allowing blood to pass between two chambers; there can be atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD).

30
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Condition that develops when heart muscle is not able to pump blood forcefully enough, reducing blood flow to body; results in weakness, dyspnea, and edema.

31
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A

Open-heart surgery in which blood vessel, often leg vein, is grafted to route blood around occluded coronary artery.

32
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

Chronic heart disease casued by arteriosclerosis or therosclerosis of coronary arteries; also called arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD).

33
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

Formation of blood clots in deep veins; usually occurs in legs; pieces of clot may break away forming emboli.

34
Q

Defibrillation

A

Using instrument called defibrillator to give electrical shock to heart for purpose of converting arrhythmia back to normal heart beat; aslo called cardioversion.

35
Q

Doppler Ultrasonography

A

Imaging technique using ultrasound to create moving image; utilized to evalute blood flow through blood vessels, movement of heart valves, and movement of heart muscle during contraction.

36
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Diagnostic procedure that records electrical activity of heart; used to diagnose damage to heart tissue from coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction.

37
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Surgical removal of inner linning of artery in order to remove plaques.

38
Q

Fibrillation

A

Abnormal quivering or contractions of heart fibers; occurrence within fibers of ventricle of heart result in cardiac arrest and death; emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert heart to normal beat, is necessary.

39
Q

Heart Murmur

A

Abnormal heart sound as soft blowing sound or harsh click; they may be soft and hard only with stethoscope or so loud they can be heard several feet away.

40
Q

Heart Transplantation

A

Replacement of diseased or malfunctioning heart with donor’s heart.

41
Q

Heart Valve Prolapse

A

Cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and failt to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backwards (regurgitation) through valve when heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in mitral valve, but may affect any heart valve.

42
Q

Heart Valve Stenosis

A

Cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through; condition may affect any heart valves but most often affects mitral valve.

43
Q

Holter Monitor

A

Portable ECG monitor worn by patient for period of few hours to few days to assess heart and pulse activity as person goes through activites of daily living; used to asses patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities.

44
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Blood pressure above normal range; usually systolic pressure above 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg.

45
Q

Hypotension

A

Decrease in blood pressure; can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death appraoches.

46
Q

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

A

Electrical device implated in chest cavity with electrodes to heart; applies shock to heart to stop potentially life-threatening arrhythmias such as fibrillation.

47
Q

Infarct

A

Area of tissue necrosis that develops from ischemia.

48
Q

Intravascular Thrombolytic Therapy

A

Treatment for clots occluding blood vessel; drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into blood vessels to chemically dissolve clots; commonly referred to as clot-busters.

49
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

Infarct of heart muscle caused by occlusion of one or more of coronary arteries; symptoms include angina pectoris and shortness of breath; also referred to as heart attack.

50
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

Loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of myocardium due to occlusion of coronary artery; may cause angina pectoris or myocardial infarction.

51
Q

Occlusion

A

Blockage of blood vessel or other hollow structure; may be caused by thrombus, plaque, or embolus.

52
Q

Pacemaker

A

Eletrical device that artificially stimulates contraction of heart muscle; treatment by bradycardia.

53
Q

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Method for treating coronary artery narrowing; balloon catheter is inserted into coronary artery and inflated to dilate narrow blood vessel.

54
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A

Disease of blood vessels away from central region of body, most typically in legs; symptoms include pain, numbness, and impaired circulation.

55
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument for measuring blood pressure; also referred to as blood pressure cuff.

56
Q

Stent

A

Stainles steel tube placed within blood vessel or duct to widen lumen; may be placed in coronary artery to treat myocardial ischemia due to atherosclerosis.

57
Q

Stress Test

A

Method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness; patient is placed on treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily levels of work; EKG and oxygen levels are taken while patient exercises; test is stopped if abnormalities occur on EKG.

58
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate more than 100 beats per minutes (bpm)

59
Q

Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)

A

Specialized echocardiography procedure in which patient swallows ultrasound head in order to better visualize internal cadiac structures, especially cardiac valves.

60
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Sowllen and distended veins, most commonly in legs.

61
Q

Venipuncture

A

Puncture into vein to withdraw blood or inject medication or fluids.

Medical & Technical Terminology (Exam 1) (18 decks)

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