Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

med n surg S2 > ortho - spine > Flashcards

ortho - spine Flashcards

1
Q

spine anatomy

A

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

vertebral articulation

A
  • each is encapsulated in synovial joint
  • often called apophyseal joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

spinal movement

A
  • collectively (large ROM)
  • flex/ ext
  • L & R rotation
  • L & R lateral flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

postural alignment

A

2 natural curves of back
- lordotic (cervical & lumbar)
- kyphotic (thoracic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lumbar lordosis

A
  • curve inwards on lower spine
  • exaggeration of lumbar curve
  • associated w/ weakened abdominals
  • characterised by low back pain
  • in gymnasts & swimmers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thoracic kyphosis

A
  • hunch on upper spine
  • exaggerated thoracic curve
  • occurs more frequently than lordosis
  • mechanism: vertebra becomes wedge shaped = hunch
  • swimmer’s back
  • develops in children swimmers who train with an excessive amount of butterfly
  • seen in elderly women w/ osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

scoliosis

A
  • lateral deviation of spinal column
  • C / S shape
  • involves thoracic &/ lumbar regions
  • associated w/ disease, leg length abnormalities, muscular imbalances
  • more in females
  • mild to severe cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

L3 load

A
  • lowest in supine
  • normal in standing
  • 140% in sitting w/ no back support
  • 150% when hunched
  • 180% in hunched witting w/ no back support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

spine conditions

A
  • lumbar disk prolapse
  • degenerative disc disease
  • trauma
  • tumour
  • infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

trauma general

A
  • upper cervical spine (C1 & C2)
  • lower cervical spine (C3-C7)
  • thoracic spine (#/dislocation)
  • lumbar spine (#/dislocation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spinal injury most common

A
  • lumbar 70%
  • thoracic 11%
  • cervical 7%
  • unspecified 12%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

spinal conditions - trauma

A
  • 50% trauma associated with other injuries
  • MVA / sports injury
  • ATLS resuscitation of pt
  • x-ray before moving spine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

spinal trauma upper cervical # - C1

A

a. Jefferson #
1. burst # of C1
2. axial loading with bilateral outward displacement of lateral masses of C1

b. isolated # of posterior arch of C1
1. hyperextension with impaction of posterior arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

spinal trauma upper cervical # - C2

A

spondylosis:
1. hangman’s # (MC)
2. hyperextension with bilateral # of pars interarticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

spinal trauma lower cervical #

A
  1. hyperextension injuries (impact on face/neck)
  2. hyperflexion
  3. bilateral interfacet joint dislocation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

spinal trauma thoracic # types

A
  1. wedge #
    a. simple - anterior vertebra only
    b. severe - anterior + posterior
  2. flexion # dislocations
17
Q

spinal trauma thoracolumbar & lumbar spine # types

A
  1. wedge #
    - # of vertebral body w/o involvement of posterior elements
  2. burst #
    - vertically oriented fx w/ lateral dispersion of fragments
18
Q

Rx - spinal trauma

A
  • conservative: no neurology present & depending on #
  • operative: neurology / instability
19
Q

backache causes

A
  • 97% mechanical
  • lumbar disc prolapse
  • inflammatory
  • active infection
  • fracture
  • neoplastic
  • referred pain
  • functional
20
Q

prolapsed / herniated disc

A

NP - nucleus pulposus

  • NP protrudes out from btw vertebrae
  • nerves impinged by building NP
  • = numbness/ pain
21
Q

Rx - lumbar disc prolapse

A

conservative:
- acute & chronic backache

operative:
- backache w/ neurology
- discectomy (young pt)
- discectomy + posterior spinal fusion (elderly)

22
Q

spinal infection - causes

A
  • TB
  • other bacterial infection
  • atypical infection (fungal)
23
Q

spinal infection - investigation

A
  • blood test/culture
  • acid fast bacilli culture
  • x-rays thoracic and lumbar spine
  • MRI scan
24
Q

spinal infection - rx

A
  • antibiotic
  • if TB = four drugs (rufafour)
  • if neurology = surgery
25
Q

progression disc degeneration

A
  1. healthy
  2. loss of hight, loosening of ligaments
  3. disc protrusion
  4. disc degeneration, osteophyte formation
26
Q

degenerative spine disease cause

A

result from degenerative changes of bone, ligaments, soft tissue

27
Q

disc degeneration features

A

triad:
- disc bulge
- loss of height
- loss of water

gas in discuvacuum phenomenon

28
Q

degenerative spine disease types

A
  • spinal stenosis
  • spondylolisthesis & spondylolysis
29
Q

degenerative spine disease - spinal stenosis

A
  • reduced caliber of spinal canal
  • caused: MC is degenerative changes (disc space, facet joints, lateral foramina) & (epidural lipomatosis, ossification of PLL & LF)
30
Q

degenerative spine disease - spondylolisthesis

A

degeneration changes of disc & facet joints
= spinal instability
= malalignment

31
Q

degenerative spine disease - spondylolysis

A

repeated minor trauma
= stress # of pars interarticularis

32
Q

spine tumors types

A
  • primary / secondary

primary (benign/ malignant)
- cartilage cells
- bone cell lines
- vascular cells
- notochord cell lines

secondary (malignant)

33
Q

spine tumor types - primary

A

benign/ malignant
- cartilage cells
- bone cell lines
- vascular cells
- notochord cell lines

34
Q

spine tumor types - secondary

A

malignant

35
Q

spine tumor investigation

A
  • x-ray
  • CAT/CT scan
  • MRI scan
  • Biopsy
36
Q

spine tumour - benign Rx

A
  • local excision & stabilisation
37
Q

spine tumour - malignant Rx

A

depend on stage of Tumor

Early - excision, radiotherapy or chemotherapy
Late - No surgery,only Radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone

med n surg S2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions