ortho - knee

Question 1

anatomy of knee

Answer 1

• 4 bones (femur, tibia, fibula, patella)
• 4 ligaments (LCL, MCL, ACL, PCL)
• 2 tendons (medial & lateral meniscus)
• 2 types of cartilage (coating of articular cartilage on the surface of the femur and tibia)

Question 2

extensor mechanism knee

Answer 2

• patella link in the chain of structures

Question 3

extensor mechanism injury pathology

Answer 3

Trauma
1. Bone
* Fractures
I. Distal femur
II. Tibial Plateau
III. Patella
* Dislocation

2. Ligamentous injury
3. Tendon injury
4. Articular injury
5. Meniscal injury

Arthritis
* Osteoarthritis
* Inflammatory
* Gout
* Septic Arthirits

Question 4

types of distal femur fractures

Answer 4

• supracondylar
• partial intra-articular
• complete intra-articular

Question 5

tibial plateau

Answer 5

b1- Pure split
b2- Pure depression
b3- Split-depression
c1- Articular simple,
metaphyseal simple
c2- Articular simple,
metaphyseal multifragmentary
c3- Articular
multifragmentary

Question 6

dislocations

Answer 6

• knee
• patella

Question 7

ligament injury

Answer 7

grade sprain 1-3
- MDL & LDL = medial & lateral collateral ligament
- ACL & PCL = anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

Question 8

Grading of ligament injury

Answer 8

• Grade I injuries, there is no visible loss of continuity of the ligament tissue
• Grade II injuries are partial tears
• Grade III tears are complete tears that result in two un- connected “stumps” of ligament tissue.

Question 9

extensor mechanism injury

Answer 9

• Patella tendon rupture
• Quadriceps rupture

Question 10

cartilage injury

Answer 10

Osteochondral lesions
* Lesion affecting articular cartilage and subchondral bone

Question 11

types of meniscal tears

Answer 11

• longitudinal/verticle tear = Bucket handle
• Radial = parrot beak tear
• horizontal tear = flap tear
• Fish mouth

Question 12

OA radiological signs

Answer 12

• Osteophytes
• Joint space narrowing
• Sclerosis
• Subchondral cysts

Question 13

knee tumours

Answer 13

Abnormal cellular growth
* Bone
* Cartilaginous
* Fibrous

Invasion of tumour cells
Bony destruction
Soft tissue invasion

Question 14

knee tumour examination

Answer 14

• Gait
• Deformity
• Joint above/below
• ROM
• Flexion/ extension
• Stability
  
  • Valgus stress – MCL
  • Varus stress – LCL
  • Anterior drawer test – ACL
  • Posterior drawer test - PCL

Question 15

special test menisci

Answer 15

• McMurray test
• Apply test

Question 16

special test Patellofemoral joint

Answer 16

• Grinding test – chondromalacia
• Translation test – patella – femoral subluxcation/ dislocation
• Effusion (patella tap)

Question 17

x-ray

Answer 17

• Fracture
• Dislocation

Question 18

ultrasound

Answer 18

• Effusion
• Ligamentous injuries

Question 19

CT scan

Answer 19

Fractures
* Tibial plateau
* S/C fracture femur
* Tibial spine fracture

Question 20

MRI

Answer 20

• Ligamentus injuries (ACL, PCL , LCL, MCL)
• Bone Oedema
• Osteochondritis dissicans