Origin & Architecture of Fishes Flashcards by carson72092 Unknown

How did the earliest ancestors of the fishes arise?

Paedomorphosis- Adult stage is progressively delayed and creature persists in the larval form
vertebrates arose from tunicate
Creatures eventually became sexually mature while still in larval form
Hence the sessile adult stage was abandoned entirely and basic body form of fishes arose

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Cephalochordates
notochord

Main internal support

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Cephalochordates
what is the division of nervous system?

Somatic- segmented hunk structures
Visceral- controlling soft organs

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What are the two key difference between cephalochordates and vertebrates?

Cephalochordates- small with O2 requirements that diffuse across the body surface; pharyngeal perforation for feeding
Invertebrates- perforations used as gills for O2 uptake

Vertebrates- acquisition of a cartilaginous or boney vertebral column to replace the notochord varying degrees of vertebral development among fishes.

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Vertebrates are split into two different vertebral developments in fishes

Lampreys & Hagfish - little traces of vertebrae

Perch like fishes- have a well developed vertebral structure

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Cephalochordates notochord goes to

snouth –> 1 Hox gene cluster

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Vertebrates notochord

terminates behind the skull and is more defined
4 Hox gene cluster

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In the evolution of fishes what is the two events that are most noteworthy?

Acquisition of mobile paired appendages
Development of functioning jaws

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Agnatha

No Jaws

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Gnathostomata

Jaws

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Fish- What is it?

Possess a cranium
Aquatic through life
Relies mainly on gills for gas exchange

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What kind of class are
Hagfishes & Lampreys

Agnatham without jaws

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Hagfish

Rudimentary eyes
Thick skin and elongated
marine predators & scavengers that lack paired fins and vertebrate
skeleton is cartilaginous
(60 species)

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Lampreys

spend time buried in sediment
larger species “parasitic” feeding on marine mammals
(41 extant species )

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Cartilaginous Gnathostomes have

Jaws
paired appendages
cartilage skeleton

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What are the two groups of cartilaginous Gnathostomes?

Elasmobranchii
Holocephalans

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Elasmobranchii have

serial gill slits along side of head*
Sharks & Rays

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Holocephalans

single gill opening on each side
common name is Chimaera (mythical beast)
found in deep oceans

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Bony Fishes

Most diverse taxon of fishes
Half of living vertebrates are the least understood due to deep sea.
Lungfishes given rise to the tetrapods
Coelacanths are thought to be extinct relatives

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Class Actinopterygii

Ray finned

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Subclasses of Actinopterygii

Chondrostei -Many fins (sturgeons, bichirs, paddlefishes)

Neopterygii- New fins (gars, bowfin & division Teleostei)

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What is the class and order of the Lamprey?

Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Order Petromyzontiformes

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What is the class and order of the Hagfish?

Class Myxini
Order Myxiniformes

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What is the class and order of the Shark?

Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii

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What is the class and order of the Ray?

Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii

What is the class and order of the Chimaera?

Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Holocephali Venomous barb

What is the class and order of the Teleost?

Class Actinopterygii Subclass Neopterygii True fishes

What is the class and order of the Lungfish?

Class Sarcopterygii Superorder Ceratondontimorpha

Environmental constraints on the design of fishes

Denisity Oxygen Ions Sensory

What are the three basic linearges

Agnaths -Jawless Cartilaginous- sharks, skates, rays, ratfish Boney Fishes- Grouper

FIsh mouth

inferior- stergons subterminal-dace terminal- trout superior-sandfishes

Fish Barbels

fleshy elongated structures that are tactile and chemosensory receptors

Cirri

various flaps of skin on lips or other head parts

Fimbria

lampreys have these structures surrounding the mouth

Oronasal grooves & labial folds

mouth region of sharks and rays which helps maintain the flow of water through nostrils

Lateral Line sensory sytem

sensory canals on head recognized by rows of pairs or open grooves in skin

Fish nostrils

no internal openings to oral cavity except for hagfishes, lungfish, and bony fishes.

What kinds of fins to fish have

Dorsal, anal, caudal, pectoral, pelvic

Dorsal fins

Modified dorsal fins Bichirs and lungfishes

Anal Fins

located posterior to anus lacking anal fin fish include lamprayes chimaeras, skate, rays, some sharks, few bony fishes. Finlets are posterior to anal fins --> tunas, macherals, allred fishes

Caudal Fins

Variety of shapes, sizes. Swimming habits may be deducted to some extort from caudal fin.

Paired Fins

Pectoral fins of bony fishes- composed of soft rays only bone by pectoral girdle.

Pelvic fins

smaller than pectoral fins, restricted in function, subject to greater variation in placement organs in copulation (claspers) Benthic species liek sculpins-hold them in place algae eaters -> pelvic fins evolved into ventral sucking structures aid fish in holding onto substrate

Skin and Scales

Epidermis Dermis Scales

Epidermis

10-30 layers of cells unicellular mucous glands that discharge mucus -> slimy layer (clownfish protects from anemone photophones- deep water fish

Dermis

support for epidermis dominant feature is scales

Scales

Most fish have dermal scales 86 scales- catfish Embedded in skin -eels modified into bony plates or scutes Placoid scales Ganoid Scales Cycloid Scales

Placiod scales

sharks -> Basal plate, containing some bone cells, buried in skin, w raised portion exposed

Ganoid Scales

Bichirs, reedfish & gars, caudal fin of sturgeons and paddlefishes.

Cycloids Scales

Scales of teleost fishes

What are the body shapes in fishes for a large round almost oval circle

Fusiform -Tuna scombridae

Body shape for a flat pancake with a lump?

Depressiform- skate Rajidae

Body shape for a oval

Compressiform- Sunfish Centrachidae

Body shapes for a perfect small circle?

Anguilliform- eel, Anguillidae

Body shape for a tiny perfect circle?

Filiform- Snipe eel, Nemichthyidae

Skinny tall oval body shape?

Taeniform- gunnel, Pholidae

Body shapes that is and flatter oval

Sagittiform- pike, Esocidae

Body type of a Big Round perfect circle?

Globiform- lumpsucker, Cyclopteridae

Caudal fin shapes

Rounded C Truncate D Emarginate K Forked < Lunate (

Living agnatha skulls

Hagfish - tectal cartilages outside of skull Lamprey - branchial cartilages looks like a basket

What is the relationship of mandibular arch to neurocranium in three types of jaw suspension?

Neurocranium, Mandibular arch, hyoid arch Hyostylic - hyoid arch credeling mandibular arch Amphistylic - mandibular arch protrudes forward Hyostylic - broken and large hyoid arch

Vertebrae of teleost fish

Abdominal- protect viscera caudal head- head

Skeletal supports of dorsal fin Shark

Basal cartilages smoother

Skeletal Bony Fish (Teleost)

fins inside Pterygiophores - distal middle proximal fins outside of the body. Fin ray

Skeletal supports of paired fins of shark

Aquatic to terrestrial environment Pectoral- coracoid process girdle Pelvic- propterygium ankle

Soft & Spinous Rays

Soft- lateral fanned out anterior knifelike Spiney- lateral curved knife anterior anchored spine