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Ichthyology (Fish Biology) > Origin & Architecture of Fishes > Flashcards

Origin & Architecture of Fishes Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the earliest ancestors of the fishes arise?

A

Paedomorphosis- Adult stage is progressively delayed and creature persists in the larval form
vertebrates arose from tunicate
Creatures eventually became sexually mature while still in larval form
Hence the sessile adult stage was abandoned entirely and basic body form of fishes arose

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2
Q

Cephalochordates
notochord

A

Main internal support

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3
Q

Cephalochordates
what is the division of nervous system?

A

Somatic- segmented hunk structures
Visceral- controlling soft organs

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4
Q

What are the two key difference between cephalochordates and vertebrates?

A

Cephalochordates- small with O2 requirements that diffuse across the body surface; pharyngeal perforation for feeding
Invertebrates- perforations used as gills for O2 uptake

Vertebrates- acquisition of a cartilaginous or boney vertebral column to replace the notochord varying degrees of vertebral development among fishes.

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5
Q

Vertebrates are split into two different vertebral developments in fishes

A

Lampreys & Hagfish - little traces of vertebrae

Perch like fishes- have a well developed vertebral structure

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6
Q

Cephalochordates notochord goes to

A

snouth –> 1 Hox gene cluster

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7
Q

Vertebrates notochord

A

terminates behind the skull and is more defined
4 Hox gene cluster

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8
Q

In the evolution of fishes what is the two events that are most noteworthy?

A

Acquisition of mobile paired appendages
Development of functioning jaws

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9
Q

Agnatha

A

No Jaws

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10
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Jaws

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11
Q

Fish- What is it?

A

Possess a cranium
Aquatic through life
Relies mainly on gills for gas exchange

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12
Q

What kind of class are
Hagfishes & Lampreys

A

Agnatham without jaws

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13
Q

Hagfish

A

Rudimentary eyes
Thick skin and elongated
marine predators & scavengers that lack paired fins and vertebrate
skeleton is cartilaginous
(60 species)

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14
Q

Lampreys

A

spend time buried in sediment
larger species “parasitic” feeding on marine mammals
(41 extant species )

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15
Q

Cartilaginous Gnathostomes have

A

Jaws
paired appendages
cartilage skeleton

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16
Q

What are the two groups of cartilaginous Gnathostomes?

A

Elasmobranchii
Holocephalans

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17
Q

Elasmobranchii have

A

serial gill slits along side of head*
Sharks & Rays

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18
Q

Holocephalans

A

single gill opening on each side
common name is Chimaera (mythical beast)
found in deep oceans

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19
Q

Boney Fishes

A

Most diverse taxon of fishes
Half of living vertebrates are the least understood due to deep sea.
Lungfishes given rise to the tetrapods
Coelacanths are thought to be extinct relatives

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20
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

Ray finned

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21
Q

Subclasses of Actinopterygii

A

Chondrostei -Many fins (sturgeons, bichirs, paddlefishes)

Neopterygii- New fins (gars, bowfin & division Teleostei)

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22
Q

What is the class and order of the Lamprey?

A

Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Order Petromyzontiformes

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23
Q

What is the class and order of the Hagfish?

A

Class Myxini
Order Myxiniformes

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24
Q

What is the class and order of the Shark?

A

Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii

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25
Q

What is the class and order of the Ray?

A

Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii

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26
Q

What is the class and order of the Chimaera?

A

Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Holocephali
Venomous barb

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27
Q

What is the class and order of the Teleost?

A

Class Actinopterygii
Subclass Neopterygii
True fishes

28
Q

What is the class and order of the Lungfish?

A

Class Sarcopterygii
Superorder Ceratondontimorpha

29
Q

Environmental constraints on the design of fishes

A

Denisity
Oxygen
Ions
Sensory

30
Q

What are the three basic linearges

A

Agnaths -Jawless
Cartilaginous- sharks, skates, rays, ratfish
Boney Fishes- Grouper

31
Q

FIsh mouth

A

inferior- stergons
subterminal-dace
terminal- trout
superior-sandfishes

32
Q

Fish Barbels

A

fleshy elongated structures that are tactile and chemosensory receptors

33
Q

Cirri

A

various flaps of skin on lips or other head parts

34
Q

Fimbria

A

lampreys have these structures surrounding the mouth

35
Q

Oronasal grooves & labial folds

A

mouth region of sharks and rays which helps maintain the flow of water through nostrils

36
Q

Lateral Line sensory sytem

A

sensory canals on head recognized by rows of pairs or open grooves in skin

37
Q

Fish nostrils

A

no internal openings to oral cavity except for hagfishes, lungfish, and bony fishes.

38
Q

What kinds of fins to fish have

A

Dorsal, anal, caudal, pectoral, pelvic

39
Q

Dorsal fins

A

Modified dorsal fins
Bichirs and lungfishes

40
Q

Anal Fins

A

located posterior to anus
lacking anal fin fish include lamprayes chimaeras, skate, rays, some sharks, few bony fishes.
Finlets are posterior to anal fins –> tunas, macherals, allred fishes

41
Q

Caudal Fins

A

Variety of shapes, sizes. Swimming habits may be deducted to some extort from caudal fin.

42
Q

Paired Fins

A

Pectoral fins of bony fishes- composed of soft rays only bone by pectoral girdle.

43
Q

Pelvic fins

A

smaller than pectoral fins, restricted in function, subject to greater variation in placement
organs in copulation (claspers)
Benthic species liek sculpins-hold them in place
algae eaters -> pelvic fins evolved into ventral sucking structures aid fish in holding onto substrate

44
Q

Skin and Scales

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Scales

45
Q

Epidermis

A

10-30 layers of cells
unicellular mucous glands that discharge mucus -> slimy layer (clownfish protects from anemone
photophones- deep water fish

46
Q

Dermis

A

support for epidermis dominant feature is scales

47
Q

Scales

A

Most fish have dermal scales
86 scales- catfish
Embedded in skin -eels
modified into bony plates or scutes
Placoid scales
Ganoid Scales
Cycloid Scales

48
Q

Placiod scales

A

sharks -> Basal plate, containing some bone cells, buried in skin, w raised portion exposed

49
Q

Ganoid Scales

A

Bichirs, reedfish & gars, caudal fin of sturgeons and paddlefishes.

50
Q

Cycloids Scales

A

Scales of teleost fishes

51
Q

What are the body shapes in fishes for a large round almost oval circle

A

Fusiform -Tuna scombridae

52
Q

Body shape for a flat pancake with a lump?

A

Depressiform- skate Rajidae

52
Q

Body shape for a oval

A

Compressiform- Sunfish Centrachidae

53
Q

Body shapes for a perfect small circle?

A

Anguilliform- eel, Anguillidae

54
Q

Body shape for a tiny perfect circle?

A

Filiform- Snipe eel, Nemichthyidae

55
Q

Skinny tall oval body shape?

A

Taeniform- gunnel, Pholidae

56
Q

Body shapes that is and flatter oval

A

Sagittiform- pike, Esocidae

57
Q

Body type of a Big Round perfect circle?

A

Globiform- lumpsucker, Cyclopteridae

58
Q

Caudal fin shapes

A

Rounded C
Truncate D
Emarginate K
Forked <
Lunate (

59
Q

Living agnatha skulls

A

Hagfish - tectal cartilages outside of skull
Lamprey - branchial cartilages looks like a basket

60
Q

What is the relationship of mandibular arch to neurocranium in three types of jaw suspension?

A

Neurocranium, Mandibular arch, hyoid arch
Hyostylic - hyoid arch credeling mandibular arch
Amphistylic - mandibular arch protrudes forward
Hyostylic - broken and large hyoid arch

61
Q

Vertebrae of teleost fish

A

Abdominal- protect viscera
caudal head- head

62
Q

Skeletal supports of dorsal fin Shark

A

Basal cartilages smoother

63
Q

Skeletal Bony Fish (Teleost)

A

fins inside
Pterygiophores - distal middle proximal
fins outside of the body.
Fin ray

64
Q

Skeletal supports of paired fins of shark

A

Aquatic to terrestrial environment
Pectoral- coracoid process girdle
Pelvic- propterygium ankle

65
Q

Soft & Spinous Rays

A

Soft- lateral fanned out anterior knifelike
Spiney- lateral curved knife anterior anchored spine

Ichthyology (Fish Biology) (14 decks)

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